7B- techniques used to measure sleep

Question 1

polysomnography

Answer 1

a multi parameter sleep study used as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine

Question 2

electroencephalography EEG

Answer 2

a technique that Detects, Amplifies and Records the Electrical activity of the brain.
DARE

Question 3

beta waves

Answer 3

frequency: highest
amplitude: lowest
normal waking consciousness, awake, alert and focused, high environmental stimulation and the brain works on several things at once

Question 4

frequency

Answer 4

how much activity is occurring every second

Question 5

amplitude

Answer 5

the intensity or strength of brain waves

Question 6

alpha waves

Answer 6

frequency: high
amplitude: low
lower alertness, awake but relaxed, quiet and calm, drowsy, eyes closed and low environmental stimulation

Question 7

theta waves

Answer 7

frequency: low
amplitude: high
low alertness, light sleep, senses withdrawn from the external environment, deep meditation

Question 8

delta waves

Answer 8

frequency: lowest
amplitude: highest
lowest alertness, deep N3 sleep, dreamless sleep

Question 9

electromyography EMG

Answer 9

a technique that Detects, Amplifies and Records the Electrical activity of the skeletal muscles
DARE

Question 10

electrooculography EOG

Answer 10

a technique that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles controlling the eyes
dare

Question 11

sleep diaries

Answer 11

a subjective self report tool used by a person to track their own sleep and wake patterns

Question 12

video monitoring

Answer 12

a sleep study tool used to collect qualitative visual and audio information about a person’s sleep

Question 13

what is the importance of measuring sleep

Answer 13

there are different techniques for measuring sleep based on objective physiological changes in the activity of the body, observations and subjective reports. these techniques can allow a person to detect and record sleep features. it is useful to diagnose sleep disorders, track how sleep is affected by various factors like medication or even improving performance of athletes. several techniques are combined to form a sleep study called polysomnography

Question 14

what do sleep techniques do?

Answer 14

detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of a part of the body

Question 15

what does EEG’s do

Answer 15

detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of the brain
attached to a scalp/through a cap or headset
electrodes detect the synchronised electrical impulses of neurons that communication at the surface of the cortex.
wires transmit the data to the EEG which amplifies the signals to a readable level, sending them to a computer, recorded as brain wave patterns and interpreted by a specialist
brain wave recordings are summaries of the activity of thousands of neurons
EEG’s may be used to identify a particular stage or abnormal brain activity that differs from teh expected

Question 16

what are the 4 brain wave types

Answer 16

beta, alpha, theta and delta
in decreasing order of frequency, increasing order of amplitude.

Question 17

what does the frequency of brain waves indicate

Answer 17

speed of brain waves or how much is occurring every second
visually identified in a brain wave recording according to how close together the waves are the number of times the wave repeats in a 1 second interval

Question 18

what does slow frequency brain waves indicate

Answer 18

the are prevalent when we are tired, relaxed or asleep

Question 19

what does faster frequency brain waves indicate

Answer 19

they are prevalent when we are awake and alert

Question 20

what does the amplitude of brain waves indicate

Answer 20

the intensity or strength of the brain wave, or how many neurons are firing at teh same time together.
visually identified according to the height of the brain waves or the (vertical) distance between the peaks and troughs

Question 21

what does a greater amplitude indicate

Answer 21

higher peaks and lower troughts indicate more synchronised brain activity from multiple neurons working on a similar task such as sleep

Question 22

what does a lower amplitude indicate

Answer 22

groups of neurons are working on different tasks such as driving a car (watching the road with the eyes, keeping the car straight with firm hands on the wheel)

Question 23

what are beta waves

Answer 23

frequency: highest
amplitude: lowest
state: NWC, awake, alert and focused, high environmental stimulation, brain is working on several things at once

Question 24

what are alpha waves

Answer 24

frequency: high
amplitude: low
state: lower alertness, awake but relaxed, quiet and calm, drowsy, eyes closed, low environmental stimulation

Question 25

what are theta waves

Answer 25

frequency: low
amplitude: high
state: low alertness, light sleep, senses withdrawn from external environment, deep meditation

Question 26

what are delta waves

Answer 26

frequency: lowest
amplitude: highest
state: lowest alertness, deep N3 sleep, dreamless sleep

Question 27

what do EMG’s do

Answer 27

detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of the skeletal muscles
electrodes are attached to the surface of the skin- jaw and sometimes legs or other body parts
may measure muscle tension which indicate sleep stages and type of sleep experienced

Question 28

EMG’s- more muscle tension

Answer 28

more muscle tension indicates greater alertness, so as a person drifts into deeper sleep, muscle movement decreases

Question 29

what do EMG’s detect during REM sleep

Answer 29

no muscle movement.

Question 30

what else can EMG’s detect

Answer 30

abnormal moving- tossing and turning
teeth grinding
leg movements- sleep disorder (periodic limb movement disorder or sleep bruxism)

Question 31

what do EOG’s do

Answer 31

detect, amplify and record electrical activity of the muscles controlling the eyes
electrodes are attached to the surface of the skin, around the sides of each eye
may be used to determine onset of sleep as well as when the stages and type of sleep occur
eye movement decreases as you progress into deeper sleep and when you experience REM sleep your eye movement increases

Question 32

Describe the overall pattern of the changes to brain wave frequency and amplitude as a person drifts into deeper sleep.

Answer 32

As a person drifts into deeper sleep, the frequency of their brain waves decreases and the amplitude of their brain waves increases.

Question 33

Describe the expected output of an EMG when a person is in deep N3 sleep.

Answer 33

During deep N3 sleep, an EMG would typically detect, amplify and record a low level of electrical activity of the muscles, indicating low amounts of muscle movement.

Question 34

Describe the expected output of an EOG when a person is in REM sleep.

Answer 34

In REM sleep, an EOG would typically detect, amplify and record a high level of electrical activity of the muscles controlling the eyes, indicating high amounts of eye movement.

Question 35

what are sleep diaries

Answer 35

subjective, self report tool used by a person to track their own sleep and wake patterns
aim to identify any patterns or habits that may be leading to sleep trouble and can provide a sleep specialist with a personal and subjective account of the quality and quantity of sleep experienced

Question 36

what do sleep diaries typically consist of

Answer 36

time of sleep onset
waking time
how they felt upon waking
disturbances to sleep- periods of waking
unusual behaviours
anything that could affect a person’s sleep patterns- caffeine intake etc

Question 37

how can sleep diaries be used effectively

Answer 37

as disturbed sleep can cause a mental health disorder, a sleep specialist can interpret the sleep diary and can pair this with information from objective measures such as changes detected by an EMG, EEG or EOG

Question 38

what is video monitoring

Answer 38

collects qualitative visual and audio information about a person’s sleep. it can validate data collected by objective means to show what activity is occuring while a person is asleep. can also be useful for children who have sleep problems and may have trouble verbalising their experience/ too young for a sleep diary. can be used alongside objective measures and sleep diaries to diagnose sleep disorders

Question 39

Describe why a sleep diary is considered a subjective measure of sleep.

Answer 39

A sleep diary is subjective because it is based on personal interpretation.

Question 40

list four features of a person’s sleep that may be recorded in a sleep diary.

Answer 40

time of going to sleep
time of waking
how person feels on waking
any disturbances during sleep
any unusual behaviours during sleep
caffeine intake
any naps taken
exercise completed during the day.

Question 41

List four things that video monitoring might detect during a sleep study.

Answer 41

what activity is occurring while a person is asleep
sleeping positions
specific movements
laboured breathing
sleep talking
teeth grinding.

Question 42

Provide one similarity and one difference between an EOG and an EMG.

Answer 42

Similarity: An EOG and EMG both detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of muscles.

Difference: An EOG detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles controlling the eyes specifically, whereas an EMG detects, amplified and records the electrical activity of muscles elsewhere in the body such as the legs.

Question 43

Explain why video monitoring is useful alongside other measures during a sleep study.

Answer 43

Video monitoring can be used to show what activity is occurring during sleep, in order to validate information from other measures such as EMGs, EEGs and EOGs.