7A continued Flashcards
biomedical approach
includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorders
biopsychosocial approach
assumes there are bio, psych, social components to a person’s behavior
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
diagnostic tool in US/other countries, compilation of psychological disorders, based on description of symptoms
rates of psychological disorders
(most to least) any mental disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety, depressive, alcohol, PTSD, general anxiety, panic, bipolar, drug use, antisocial personality, borderline personality, schizo, OCD, agoraphobia, anorexia
schizophrenia
prototypical psychotic disorder, must have at least 2 psychotic disorder symptoms for 6+ months
psychotic disorder
suffer from one or more of: delusions, hallucination, disorganized though, disorganized behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms
positive symptoms
behaviors, thoughts, feelings added to normal behavior ie. hallucinations, delusions, disorg thought/behavior, catatonia
negative symptoms
absence of normal or desired behavior ie. disturbance of affect and avolition
delusions
false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in person’s culture and maintained spite of strong evidence to contrary
delusions of reference
involve believe that common elements in environment are directed toward individual
delusions of persecution
belief that person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted againt, threatened
delusions of grandeur
belief that person is remarkable in significant way
thought broadcasting
one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from head to the world (belief)
thought insertion
belieft hat thoughts are being placed in one’s head
hallucinations
perceptions that are due to ext stimuli but have compelling sense of reality
disorganized thought
loosening of association, exhibted as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another so you can;t follow train of thought
NEOLOGISMS
NEW WORDS
disorganized behavior
refers to inability to carry out activity of daily living
catatonia
motor behavior such as spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly refused or patient may be rigid, refusing to be moved, or useless bizarre movements (echolalia/echopraxia)
disturbance of affect
expression of emotion
blunting
severe reduction in intensity of affect expression
flat affect
no signs o emotional expression
inappropriate affect
AFFECT IS DISCORDANT WITH CONTENT OF INDIVIDUAL’S SPEEch
avolition
decreased engagement in purposeful, goal directed actions
prodromal phase
patient goes through phase characterized by poor adjustment, evidence of deterioration, social withdrawl, role functioning impairment, peculia behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences
depressive disorders
must meet certain severity and duration
major depressive disorder
mood disorder, at least major depressive episode
major depressive episode
period of at least two weeks with at least 5 of the following symptoms: persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in enjoyable activities (anhedonia), appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decteased energy, feelings of guilt/worthless, bad focus, psychomotor symptoms slowing, suicide/death thoughts
symptoms of major depressive episode (mnemonic)
SIG E CAPS
persistent depressive disorder
those who suffer from dysthymia (depressed mood not severe enough to meet criteria of MDE, for at least 2 yrs
seasonal affective disorder
disorder with seasonal onset
bright light therapy
patient exposed to bright light to fix abnormal melatonin metabolism
bipolar disorders
mood disorder characterized by depression and mania
manic episodes
abnormal persistnet elevated mood lasting 1 week with 3 of the following: distracted, decreased need for sleep, inflated self esteem, racing thoughts, agitation, talky, high risk behavior
bipolar I disorder
manic episodes with or w/o depressive episodes
bipolar II disorder
hypomania with at least one depressive episode
hypomania
doesn’t significantly impair functioning/no psychotic features, just more energetic and optimistic
cyclothymic disorder
combo of hypomanic episodes, periods of dysthymia, but nor severe enough to be MDE
symptoms of manic episode (mnemonic)
DIG FAST - distractable, insominia, grandiose, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness
monoamina, catecholamine theory of depression
too much serotonin or NE in synapse leads to mania while too little is depression
generalized anxiety disorder
common in pop, disproportionate and persistent worry aabout different things, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep probelsm
specific phobias
anxeity produced by specific object/situation
social anxiety disorder
anxiety due to social situations
agoraphobia
anxiety disorder by fear of being in places or situations where it might be hard to escape
panic disorder
panic attacks occur repeatedly
panic attack
apprehension, fear, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, sense of unreality
OCD
characterized by obsession (intrusive thoughts and impulses) which produce tension and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension
body dysmorphic disorder
person has unrealistic neg evaluation of personal appearance and attrativeness
dissociative disorders
persons avoids stress by escaping reality
dissociative amnesia
characterized by inability to recall past experience, usually from trauma not neurological
dissociative fugue
sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one;s home
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of person’s behavior, when components of identity faily to integrate
depersonalization/derealization disorder
individuals feel detached from their own mnd and body or from surrounds, respectively/ feeling of automation, failure to find one;s reflection
depersonalization
out of body experience
derealization
giving the world a dreamlike.insubstantial quality
somatic symptom disorder
have at least one somatic symptom and is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it or elevated levels of anxiety
illness anxiety disorder
characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
conversion disorders
characterized by unexplained symptoms affective voluntary motor or sensory functions, symptoms generally begin soon after individual experiences stress/trauma
la belle indifference
surprisingly unconcerned by symptoms
personality disorder
pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress/impaired function in at least two of the followingL cog, emo, interpersonal fxn, impulse control
ego-syntonic
meaning that the individual perceives her behavior has normal, correct
ego-dystonic
indivudal sees illness something thrust upon her that is intursive/bothersome
general personality disorder
ten personality disorders grouped into three clusters (A & B & C)
cluster A personality disorders
paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid/WEIRD
cluster B personality disorders
antisoical, borderline, histrionic, narcisstic/WILD
cluster C personality disorders
avoidant, dependent, OC/WORRIED
paranoid personality disorder
pervasive mistrust of others/suspicion regarding motives
schizotypal
pattern of odd/eccentric thinking - ideas of reference and magical thinking (clairvoyance)
schizoid
pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional experession
antisocial
males»_space; females, pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others
borderline
females»_space; males, pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image, fear of abandonment
splitting
viewing people as either all good or all bad
histrionic
constant attention seeking behavior
narcissitc
grandiose sense of self importance or unqiueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, need for constant admiration and attention
avoidant
affected person has shyness (extreme) and fear of rejection
dependent
continuous need for reaasurance
OC
perfectionist, inflexible, tending to like rules and order
schizophrenia: biological basis
genetic, trauma at birth (hypoxemia), assc. with xs 5HT
depressive: bio basis
abnormally high glc metabolism on amygdala, hippocampal atrophy, high levels cortisol, dec NE/serotonin/5HT (production decreased)
bipolar: bio basis
inc NE, serotonin, genetic (parent has it or if person has multiple sclerosis)
alzheimer’s
dementia characertized by gradual memory loss, disorientation to time and place, problems with abstract thought, tendency to misplace things
alzheimer’s: bio basis
genetic component (mutations in presenilin in chromo 1 & 14, apolipoprotein E in chromo19, beta amyloid precursor protein gon chromo 21), diffuse atrophy in brain (CT/MRI), flattened sulci, bigger ventricles, deficient blood flow in parietal lobes, dec ACh and ChAT (enzyme that makes it), dec metabolism in temporal/parietal, senile plaques of beta amyloid
parkinson’s disease
bradykinesia (slow movement), resting tremor, pill rolling tremor, masklike faces, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait
pill rolling tremor
flexing/extending the fingers while moving thumb back and forth as if rolling something in fingers
resting tremor
tremor when muscles aren’t being used
masklike faces
facial expression consisting of static expressionless facial deatures, staring eyes, partially open eyes
cogwheel rigidity
muscle tension that halds movement as examiner attempts to manipulate limb
shuffling gait
stopped posture
parkinson’s:bio basis
decreased 5HT in substantia nigra (layer of cells that produce 5HT for proper fxing of basal ganglia)
motivation
purpose, driving force behind actions
extrinsic motivation
can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if desired behavior is not achieved
intrinsic motivation
driven by interest in task/pure enjoyment
primary views of motivation
instincts that elicit natural behavior, desire to maintain optimal levels of arousal, drive to reduce uncomfortable states, goal satisfying physiological and psychological needs
instinct
innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to stimuli
instinct theory
ppl driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts
arousal
psychological and physiologixal state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. involves brainstem, ANS, endocrine, vital role in behavior.cog
arousal theory
people perform actions in order to maintain optimal level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
postulates u shaped function between level of arousal and performance. performance is worst at extremely hight and low levels of arousal. lower levels better for high cog tasks, high levels good for physical endurance/stamina . simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks
drives
defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors foucsed on goals, don’t need external factors to motivate
primary drives
need for food, water, warmth
secondary drives
stem from learning, nuturing, love, achievement, aggresion
drive reduction theory
motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states, seek homeostasis to reduce uncomfy internal state
needs
motivators that influence human behavior, how we allocate our energy/resources to satisfy needs is motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (5)
certain needs yield greater influence, (bottom to top): physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
physiological
breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
safety
security of body, employment, resources, morality, fam, health, property
love/belonging
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
esteem
self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
self-actualization
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
self-determination theory
SDT emphasizes role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
autonomy
need to be in control of one’s actions/ideas
competence
need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
relatedness
need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
incentive theory
behavior motivated not by need or arousal but desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
expectancy-value theory
amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is a result of both an individual’’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she values succeeding at the goal
opponent-process theory
explains that when drug is taken repeatedly, body will attempt to counteract effect by changing physiology - it lasts longer than drug resulting in withdrawal symptoms that are opposite of drug effects, creates dependence on drug
tolerence
decrease in perceived drug over time
sexual motivation
physiologically: estrogens, progesterone, androgens, smell
hunger
storngest natural motivations, sheer pleasure of eating = obesity
social cognition
focuses on ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
attitude
expression of +/- feelings towards ppl, place, thing, event. develop from experience with others which affect opinions/behaviors. ABC
affective component
refers to way a person feels about something and emotional component of attitude: snakes scare me/i love you
behavioral component
way person acts in respect to something: avoiding snakes/spending time with fam
cognitive component
way individual thinks about something: knowing that snakes are dangerous is reason to be afraid and avoid them
compliance
change in behavior baed on direct request, usually person asking has no actual power
Foot-in-the door phenomenon
small request made, after gaining compliance a larger request is made
door in face technique
large request made at first and if refused, smaller request made. usually smaller request is goal
low ball technique
requestor will get an initial commitment from person and then raise cost of commitment (money, effort, time)
that’s not all technique
individual made offer but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected
Role-playing effects
Philip Zimbardo’s prison study
Attitudes influence behavior when one (3)
Is affected by personal experience
Icek Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior
Behavioral evaluation/beliefs ? influence one’s attitudes ? which affects one’s behavior
normative beliefs
individuals’ beliefs about the extent to which other people who are important to them think they should or should not perform particular behaviors
subjective norms
prediction of intent to behave so predictor of actual behavior
Attitude to behavior process model
Event triggers one’s attitude which affects:
Prototype willingness model
Previous behavior influences:
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
A dual process theory of how a formation and change of attitude occurs
central route to persuasion
high-involvement processing, which leads to cognitive responses, then belief & attitude change, then behavioral change
peripheral route to persuasion
low-involvement processing, belief change, behavior change, attitude change
cognitive dissonance theory
Suggests that people change their attitudes when there is an inconsistency in their cognition (thoughts/beliefs)
dissonance depends on
The importance of certain beliefs/ideas is to us
how to reduce cognitive dissonance
Stabilize the dissonant belief/behavior by focusing on more supportive beliefs
