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MCAT Psychology and Sociology Review > 7A continued > Flashcards

7A continued Flashcards

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1
Q

biomedical approach

A

includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorders

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2
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

assumes there are bio, psych, social components to a person’s behavior

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3
Q

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

A

diagnostic tool in US/other countries, compilation of psychological disorders, based on description of symptoms

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4
Q

rates of psychological disorders

A

(most to least) any mental disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety, depressive, alcohol, PTSD, general anxiety, panic, bipolar, drug use, antisocial personality, borderline personality, schizo, OCD, agoraphobia, anorexia

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5
Q

schizophrenia

A

prototypical psychotic disorder, must have at least 2 psychotic disorder symptoms for 6+ months

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6
Q

psychotic disorder

A

suffer from one or more of: delusions, hallucination, disorganized though, disorganized behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms

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7
Q

positive symptoms

A

behaviors, thoughts, feelings added to normal behavior ie. hallucinations, delusions, disorg thought/behavior, catatonia

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8
Q

negative symptoms

A

absence of normal or desired behavior ie. disturbance of affect and avolition

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9
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in person’s culture and maintained spite of strong evidence to contrary

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10
Q

delusions of reference

A

involve believe that common elements in environment are directed toward individual

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11
Q

delusions of persecution

A

belief that person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted againt, threatened

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12
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

belief that person is remarkable in significant way

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13
Q

thought broadcasting

A

one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from head to the world (belief)

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14
Q

thought insertion

A

belieft hat thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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15
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptions that are due to ext stimuli but have compelling sense of reality

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16
Q

disorganized thought

A

loosening of association, exhibted as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another so you can;t follow train of thought

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17
Q

NEOLOGISMS

A

NEW WORDS

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18
Q

disorganized behavior

A

refers to inability to carry out activity of daily living

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19
Q

catatonia

A

motor behavior such as spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly refused or patient may be rigid, refusing to be moved, or useless bizarre movements (echolalia/echopraxia)

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20
Q

disturbance of affect

A

expression of emotion

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21
Q

blunting

A

severe reduction in intensity of affect expression

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22
Q

flat affect

A

no signs o emotional expression

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23
Q

inappropriate affect

A

AFFECT IS DISCORDANT WITH CONTENT OF INDIVIDUAL’S SPEEch

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24
Q

avolition

A

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal directed actions

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25
Q

prodromal phase

A

patient goes through phase characterized by poor adjustment, evidence of deterioration, social withdrawl, role functioning impairment, peculia behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences

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26
Q

depressive disorders

A

must meet certain severity and duration

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27
Q

major depressive disorder

A

mood disorder, at least major depressive episode

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28
Q

major depressive episode

A

period of at least two weeks with at least 5 of the following symptoms: persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in enjoyable activities (anhedonia), appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decteased energy, feelings of guilt/worthless, bad focus, psychomotor symptoms slowing, suicide/death thoughts

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29
Q

symptoms of major depressive episode (mnemonic)

A

SIG E CAPS

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30
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

those who suffer from dysthymia (depressed mood not severe enough to meet criteria of MDE, for at least 2 yrs

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31
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

disorder with seasonal onset

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32
Q

bright light therapy

A

patient exposed to bright light to fix abnormal melatonin metabolism

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33
Q

bipolar disorders

A

mood disorder characterized by depression and mania

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34
Q

manic episodes

A

abnormal persistnet elevated mood lasting 1 week with 3 of the following: distracted, decreased need for sleep, inflated self esteem, racing thoughts, agitation, talky, high risk behavior

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35
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

manic episodes with or w/o depressive episodes

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36
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

hypomania with at least one depressive episode

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37
Q

hypomania

A

doesn’t significantly impair functioning/no psychotic features, just more energetic and optimistic

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38
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

combo of hypomanic episodes, periods of dysthymia, but nor severe enough to be MDE

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39
Q

symptoms of manic episode (mnemonic)

A

DIG FAST - distractable, insominia, grandiose, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness

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40
Q

monoamina, catecholamine theory of depression

A

too much serotonin or NE in synapse leads to mania while too little is depression

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41
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

common in pop, disproportionate and persistent worry aabout different things, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep probelsm

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42
Q

specific phobias

A

anxeity produced by specific object/situation

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43
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety due to social situations

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44
Q

agoraphobia

A

anxiety disorder by fear of being in places or situations where it might be hard to escape

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45
Q

panic disorder

A

panic attacks occur repeatedly

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46
Q

panic attack

A

apprehension, fear, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, sense of unreality

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47
Q

OCD

A

characterized by obsession (intrusive thoughts and impulses) which produce tension and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension

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48
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

person has unrealistic neg evaluation of personal appearance and attrativeness

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49
Q

dissociative disorders

A

persons avoids stress by escaping reality

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50
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

characterized by inability to recall past experience, usually from trauma not neurological

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51
Q

dissociative fugue

A

sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one;s home

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52
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

two or more personalities that recurrently take control of person’s behavior, when components of identity faily to integrate

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53
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

individuals feel detached from their own mnd and body or from surrounds, respectively/ feeling of automation, failure to find one;s reflection

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54
Q

depersonalization

A

out of body experience

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55
Q

derealization

A

giving the world a dreamlike.insubstantial quality

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56
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

have at least one somatic symptom and is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it or elevated levels of anxiety

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57
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition

58
Q

conversion disorders

A

characterized by unexplained symptoms affective voluntary motor or sensory functions, symptoms generally begin soon after individual experiences stress/trauma

59
Q

la belle indifference

A

surprisingly unconcerned by symptoms

60
Q

personality disorder

A

pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress/impaired function in at least two of the followingL cog, emo, interpersonal fxn, impulse control

61
Q

ego-syntonic

A

meaning that the individual perceives her behavior has normal, correct

62
Q

ego-dystonic

A

indivudal sees illness something thrust upon her that is intursive/bothersome

63
Q

general personality disorder

A

ten personality disorders grouped into three clusters (A & B & C)

64
Q

cluster A personality disorders

A

paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid/WEIRD

65
Q

cluster B personality disorders

A

antisoical, borderline, histrionic, narcisstic/WILD

66
Q

cluster C personality disorders

A

avoidant, dependent, OC/WORRIED

67
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

pervasive mistrust of others/suspicion regarding motives

68
Q

schizotypal

A

pattern of odd/eccentric thinking - ideas of reference and magical thinking (clairvoyance)

69
Q

schizoid

A

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional experession

70
Q

antisocial

A

males&raquo_space; females, pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others

71
Q

borderline

A

females&raquo_space; males, pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image, fear of abandonment

72
Q

splitting

A

viewing people as either all good or all bad

73
Q

histrionic

A

constant attention seeking behavior

74
Q

narcissitc

A

grandiose sense of self importance or unqiueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, need for constant admiration and attention

75
Q

avoidant

A

affected person has shyness (extreme) and fear of rejection

76
Q

dependent

A

continuous need for reaasurance

77
Q

OC

A

perfectionist, inflexible, tending to like rules and order

78
Q

schizophrenia: biological basis

A

genetic, trauma at birth (hypoxemia), assc. with xs 5HT

79
Q

depressive: bio basis

A

abnormally high glc metabolism on amygdala, hippocampal atrophy, high levels cortisol, dec NE/serotonin/5HT (production decreased)

80
Q

bipolar: bio basis

A

inc NE, serotonin, genetic (parent has it or if person has multiple sclerosis)

81
Q

alzheimer’s

A

dementia characertized by gradual memory loss, disorientation to time and place, problems with abstract thought, tendency to misplace things

82
Q

alzheimer’s: bio basis

A

genetic component (mutations in presenilin in chromo 1 & 14, apolipoprotein E in chromo19, beta amyloid precursor protein gon chromo 21), diffuse atrophy in brain (CT/MRI), flattened sulci, bigger ventricles, deficient blood flow in parietal lobes, dec ACh and ChAT (enzyme that makes it), dec metabolism in temporal/parietal, senile plaques of beta amyloid

83
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

bradykinesia (slow movement), resting tremor, pill rolling tremor, masklike faces, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait

84
Q

pill rolling tremor

A

flexing/extending the fingers while moving thumb back and forth as if rolling something in fingers

85
Q

resting tremor

A

tremor when muscles aren’t being used

86
Q

masklike faces

A

facial expression consisting of static expressionless facial deatures, staring eyes, partially open eyes

87
Q

cogwheel rigidity

A

muscle tension that halds movement as examiner attempts to manipulate limb

88
Q

shuffling gait

A

stopped posture

89
Q

parkinson’s:bio basis

A

decreased 5HT in substantia nigra (layer of cells that produce 5HT for proper fxing of basal ganglia)

90
Q

motivation

A

purpose, driving force behind actions

91
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if desired behavior is not achieved

92
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

driven by interest in task/pure enjoyment

93
Q

primary views of motivation

A

instincts that elicit natural behavior, desire to maintain optimal levels of arousal, drive to reduce uncomfortable states, goal satisfying physiological and psychological needs

94
Q

instinct

A

innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to stimuli

95
Q

instinct theory

A

ppl driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts

96
Q

arousal

A

psychological and physiologixal state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. involves brainstem, ANS, endocrine, vital role in behavior.cog

97
Q

arousal theory

A

people perform actions in order to maintain optimal level of arousal

98
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

postulates u shaped function between level of arousal and performance. performance is worst at extremely hight and low levels of arousal. lower levels better for high cog tasks, high levels good for physical endurance/stamina . simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks

99
Q

drives

A

defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors foucsed on goals, don’t need external factors to motivate

100
Q

primary drives

A

need for food, water, warmth

101
Q

secondary drives

A

stem from learning, nuturing, love, achievement, aggresion

102
Q

drive reduction theory

A

motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states, seek homeostasis to reduce uncomfy internal state

103
Q

needs

A

motivators that influence human behavior, how we allocate our energy/resources to satisfy needs is motivation

104
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (5)

A

certain needs yield greater influence, (bottom to top): physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

105
Q

physiological

A

breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

106
Q

safety

A

security of body, employment, resources, morality, fam, health, property

107
Q

love/belonging

A

friendship, family, sexual intimacy

108
Q

esteem

A

self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

109
Q

self-actualization

A

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

110
Q

self-determination theory

A

SDT emphasizes role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness

111
Q

autonomy

A

need to be in control of one’s actions/ideas

112
Q

competence

A

need to complete and excel at difficult tasks

113
Q

relatedness

A

need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

114
Q

incentive theory

A

behavior motivated not by need or arousal but desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

115
Q

expectancy-value theory

A

amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is a result of both an individual’’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she values succeeding at the goal

116
Q

opponent-process theory

A

explains that when drug is taken repeatedly, body will attempt to counteract effect by changing physiology - it lasts longer than drug resulting in withdrawal symptoms that are opposite of drug effects, creates dependence on drug

117
Q

tolerence

A

decrease in perceived drug over time

118
Q

sexual motivation

A

physiologically: estrogens, progesterone, androgens, smell

119
Q

hunger

A

storngest natural motivations, sheer pleasure of eating = obesity

120
Q

social cognition

A

focuses on ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

121
Q

attitude

A

expression of +/- feelings towards ppl, place, thing, event. develop from experience with others which affect opinions/behaviors. ABC

122
Q

affective component

A

refers to way a person feels about something and emotional component of attitude: snakes scare me/i love you

123
Q

behavioral component

A

way person acts in respect to something: avoiding snakes/spending time with fam

124
Q

cognitive component

A

way individual thinks about something: knowing that snakes are dangerous is reason to be afraid and avoid them

125
Q

compliance

A

change in behavior baed on direct request, usually person asking has no actual power

126
Q

Foot-in-the door phenomenon

A

small request made, after gaining compliance a larger request is made

127
Q

door in face technique

A

large request made at first and if refused, smaller request made. usually smaller request is goal

128
Q

low ball technique

A

requestor will get an initial commitment from person and then raise cost of commitment (money, effort, time)

129
Q

that’s not all technique

A

individual made offer but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected

130
Q

Role-playing effects

A

Philip Zimbardo’s prison study

131
Q

Attitudes influence behavior when one (3)

A

Is affected by personal experience

132
Q

Icek Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior

A

Behavioral evaluation/beliefs ? influence one’s attitudes ? which affects one’s behavior

133
Q

normative beliefs

A

individuals’ beliefs about the extent to which other people who are important to them think they should or should not perform particular behaviors

134
Q

subjective norms

A

prediction of intent to behave so predictor of actual behavior

135
Q

Attitude to behavior process model

A

Event triggers one’s attitude which affects:

136
Q

Prototype willingness model

A

Previous behavior influences:

137
Q

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A

A dual process theory of how a formation and change of attitude occurs

138
Q

central route to persuasion

A

high-involvement processing, which leads to cognitive responses, then belief & attitude change, then behavioral change

139
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

low-involvement processing, belief change, behavior change, attitude change

140
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

Suggests that people change their attitudes when there is an inconsistency in their cognition (thoughts/beliefs)

141
Q

dissonance depends on

A

The importance of certain beliefs/ideas is to us

142
Q

how to reduce cognitive dissonance

A

Stabilize the dissonant belief/behavior by focusing on more supportive beliefs

MCAT Psychology and Sociology Review (5 decks)

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