7A Flashcards
sensory neurons
afferent neurons, transmit info from receptors to spinal cord and brain
motor neurons
efferent neurons, transmit motor info from brain and spinal cords to muscles and glands
interneurons
found between other neurons, most numerous. predominately in brain and spinal cord, deal with reflexive behavior
reflex arcs
neural circuits control reflexive behavior, step on nail, foot detects pain and pain signal transmitted by sensory neurons to spinal cord, then interneurons bypass brain and send signals to muscles of leg directly
central nervous system (CNS)
brain & spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord. i.e. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. connects cns to rest of body, subdivided into somatic and autonomic
somatic nervous system
consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles
autonomic nervous system
generally regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretions, involuntary muscles assc with internal organs and glands
ANS Subdivisions
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic
conserve energy, resting/sleeping states, reduces heart rate/constrict bronchi, increase peristalsis/exocrine secretions, acetylcholine is NT responsible
sympathetic
activated by stress, inc. heart rate, blood to muscles of locomotion, inc. blood glucose, dec. digestion/peristalsis, dilate eyes, epinephrine release
meninges
brain covered with thick sheath of connective tissue, protect brain, keep it anchored with skull, resorb CSF.
3 layers of meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
dura mater
outermost layer
arachnoid mater
middle layer
pia mater
innermost layer, closest to brain
cerebrospinal fluid
aqueous soln in which brain and spinal cord rest, produced by specialized cells that line ventricles (internal cavities) of brain
three basic brain subdivisions
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
brainstem
hindbrain + midbrain, most primitive region of the brain
limbic system
group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory. aggression, fear, pleasure, and pain are related to limbic system
cerebral cortex
most recent evolutionary development of human brain, outer covering of cerebral hemispheres, associated with language processing to problem solving, impulse control, long term planning
forebrain structures (5)
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic, thalamus, hypothalamus
forebrain function (5 sections)
complex perceptual, cog, behavioral processes/ movement/ emotion, memory/ sensory relay station/ hunger, thirst, emotion
midbrain structures (2)
inferior and superior colliculi
midbrain function
sensorimotor reflexes
hindbrain structures (3)
cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation
hindbrain function (3)
refined motor movements, vital functioning (breathing, digestion), arousal and alertness
swellings of neural tube
hindbrain (rhombencephalon) - metencephalon, myelencephalon; midbrain (mesencephalon); forebrain (prosencephalon) - telencephalon, diencephalon
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
controls balance motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal processes. vital functioning essentially vital functioning, divides to metencephalon (medulla oblongata) & myelencephalon (pons/cerebellum)
medulla oblongata
derived from metencephalon, lower brain structure responsible for regulating breathing, heart rate, BP
pons
derived from meyencephalon, contains sensory/motor pways between cortex and medulla, lies above medulla
cerebellum
derived from myencephalon, top of hindbrain, mushrooms out of back of pons, maintains posture and balance, coordinates body movements
midbrain
mesencephalon, receives sensory and motor info from rest of body, involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual (superior colliculus), auditory (inferior)
forebrain
prosencephalon, associated with complex perceptual cognitive behavioral processes, emotion, memory.
telencephalon
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system arise
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland
neuropsychology
refers to study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brai
methods used in study the brain
- brain lesions
- stimulating certain parts of cortex and recording brain activity creating cortical maps
- EEG
- rCBF
electroencephalogram (EEG)
involves placing several electrodes on scalp, electrical activity generated by larger groups of neurons, broad patterns of electrical activity can be detected/recorded
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain
thalamus
important relay station for incoming sensory info all except smell. sorts and transmits sensory impulses to appropriate areas
hypothalamus
lateral and ventromedial, anterior (serves homeostatic fxns) key player in emotional experiences during high arousal states, aggressive behavior, sexual behavior, controls endocrine fxns and ANS, regulate metabolism, balance, temp, water balance, hunger/thirst. *** 4 F’s: feeding, fighting, flighting (sexual) functioning
lateral hypothalamus
hunger center, detects when body needs food and fluids
ventromedial hypothalamus
satiety center, provides signals to stop eating
anterior hypothalamus
sexual behavior, sleep, body temp
posterior pituitary
axonal projections from hypothalamus and is site of release of ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin
pineal gland
melatonin secretion for regulation of circadian rhythms; direct signals from retina for coordination with sunlight
basal ganglia
coordinate muscle movement as it receives info from cortex and relay this info via extrapyramidal motor system to brain and spinal cord, smooths movements/steady posture
extrapyramidal motor system
gathers info about body position and caries info to CNS
Parkinson’s disease
parts of basal ganglia destroyed, jerky movements, uncontrolled resting tremors
septal nuclei
contain one of primary pleasure centers in the brain
amygdala
defensive/aggressive behaviors
hippocampus
vital role in learning and memory processes, communicates through fornix
gyri & sulci
bumps and folds respectively
cerebral hemisphere
cerebrum divided into two halves
frontal lobe
prefrontal lobe and motor cortex
prefrontal lobe
manages exec fxn by supervising and direction operations of other brain regions. supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long term planning, assc. area
association area
area that integrates input from diverse brain regions
projection areas
perform rudimentary or simple perceptual/motor tasks
primary motor cortex
located on precentral gyrus in front of central sulcus, initiates voluntary motor movement by sending neural signals down spinal cord toward muscles,
broca’s area
part of frontal lobe, vitally important for speech production, found in only one hemisphere (left)
parietal lobe
located to rear of frontal lobe, central region assc with spatial processing and manipulation - makes it possible to orient oneself and other objects in three dimensional space
somatosensory cortex
located on postcentral gryus (behind central sulcus), involved in somatosensory info processing, this projection area is destination for all incoming sensory signals
occipital lobes
very rear of brain, contain visual cortex (striate cortex), learning/motor control
temporal lobe
auditory cortex, wernicke’s area, memory processing, emotional, language
auditory cortex
primary site of most sound processing, including speech, music, sound info
cerebral hemisphere laterality
communicates contralaterally in some cases, neurons on left side of brain activate movements on right side of body or ipsilaterally (hearing)
dominant hemisphere
heavily stimulated during language reception and production, used to be based on handedness (right hand = left hemi dominant, etc), usually left, analytical function, well suited for managing details - lang, logic, complex voluntary movement, math skills, lang production (broca), language comprehension (wernickes)
nondominant hemipshere
intuition, faces, sense of direction/geometry, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing, simultaneously processes pieces of a stimulus and assembles them into holistic image, intreprets emotional tone of language
influences on behavior (3)
chemical, hereditary, environment
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter found in both central and peripheral nervous systems. in PNS - acetylcholine is used to transmit nerve impulses to muscles. (moving muscles) CNS - acetylcholine has been linked to attention and arounsal
epinephrine, norepinephrine
catecholamines, monoamines, biogenic amines, involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness, NE is local level NT, epi is secreted from adrenal medulla to act systemically as a hormone
dopamine
catecholamine, important role in movement and posture, found in basal ganglia/ too much = schizo
serotonin
monoamine, regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming, depression and mania, too much - manic states
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid produces inhibitory post synaptic potentials and is though to play imp role stabilizing neural activity in the brain. cause hyperpolarization of post synaptic membrane
peptide neurotransmitters
neuromodulators, complicated chain of events in postsyn cell than that of regular NTs
endorphins
natural painkilles, peptide NTs,
endocrine system
uses hormones, slower than nervous bc hormones travel to their targets thru bloodstream
hypophyseal portal system
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, paracrine release of hormones
pituitary gland
master gland, located at base of brain, anterior and posterior parts
anterior pituitary
controlled by hypothalamus, master , releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands
adrenal glands
on top of kidneys, medulla and cortex
adrenal medulla
epi NE as part of sympathetic nervous system
adrenal cortex
corticosteroids - cortisol, testosterone, estrogen
gonads
sex glands of body, deal with libido, produce sex hormones
innate behavior
genetically programmed as result of evolution and is seen in individuals regardless of environment/experience
learned behaviors
not based on hereditary but instead on experience and environment
adaptive value
extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of species
nature
hereditary, influence of inherited characteristics on behavior
nurture
refers to influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior
family studies
rely on assumption that genetically related individuals are more similarly genotypically than unrelated ppl
twin studies
compare concordance rates for trait between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
concordance rates
likelihood that both twins exhibit same trait
neurulation
when ectoderm overlying notochord begins to furrow forming neural grove surrounded by 2 neural folds
neural crest
cells at leading edge of neural fold, migrate throughout body to form disparate tissues including dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, calcitonin-producing cells of the thyroid
neural tube
forms central nervous system from rest of furrow - alar and basal plate
alar plate
differentiates into sensory neurons of neural tube
basal plate
neural tube, differentiates into motor neurons
umbilical cord
fetus attached to uterine wall and placenta by this
placenta
transmits foods, o2, water to fetus while returning water and waste to mother
primitive reflexes
disappear with age
rooting reflex
automatic turning of head in direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek such as a nipple during feeding
moro reflex
react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms and then retracting and crying
babinski reflex
toes to spread apart automatically when sole of the foot is stimulated
grasping reflex
occurs when infant closes fingers around an object placed in hand
gross motor skills
incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion, sitting. crawling, walking
fine motor skills
involve smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes
stranger anxiety
fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals, dev 7 mo
separation anxiety
fear of being separated from parental figure, dev 1 yr
parallel play
children will play alongside each other without influencing each other’s behavior
age 1
play style from solitary to onlooker, stranger/separation anxiety
age 3
awareness of gender identity, gender specific play, knows full name
age 5
conformity to peers/romantic feelings
age 6-12
friend circles are of same sex without romantic feelings
teenagers
self-sufficient more so, express desire for independence thru rebellion, cross gender friendships, aware of sexual orientation
developmental milestones
gross motor skills progress head to toe order, motor skills develop at core prior to extremities, social skills move from being parent oriented to self oriented to other, language becomes more complex and structured
personality
describe set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors which are characteristic of an individual across time and diff locations, how we act/react to the world around us
theories of personality (4)
psychoanalytic/dynamic, humanistic (phenomenological), type and trait, behaviorist
psychoanalytic
assumption of unconscious internal states motivate overt actions of individuals and determine personality
sigmund freud model of personality
id, ego, superego
id
consists of all basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce, functions according to pleasure principle
pleasure principle
aim is to achieve immediate gratification to releive any pent up tension
primary process
id’s response to frustration: obtain satisfaction now, not later
wish fulfillment
mental imagery, daydreaming, fantasy that fulfills need for satisfaction
ego
organizer of mind, receives power from and can never be independent from id, operates according to reality principle, taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits activity of id and id’s pleasure principle, meet demands of objective reality. responsible for moderating desires of superego
reality principle
postpone pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained
secondary process
guidance of reality principle
superego
refined and focused needs on ideal self, personality’s perfectionist, judging actions/responding with pride at accomplishments and guilt at failures. conscience and ego-ideal
conscience
collecion of improper actions for which child is punished for
ego-ideal
consists of proper actions for which a child is rewarded
conscious
type of access to id, ego, superego, thoughts that we have access to right now
preconscious
type of access to id, ego, superego, thoughts we aren’t currently aware of
unconscious
type of access to id, ego, superego, thoughts that have been repressed
instinct
innate psychological representation of biological need - life (eros) instincts, thanatos (death instincts)
defense mechanisms
ego’s recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of id and superego. have 2 common characteristics: falsify/distort reality, operate unconsciously
types of defense mechanisms (8)
repression, suppression, regression, rxn formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation
repression
ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to unconscious, unconscious forgetting
suppresion
deliberate, conscious form of forgetting “i’m not going to think about that right now”
regression
reversion to earlier developmental state
reaction formation
suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites; man likes female celebrity but knows he’ll never meet her expresses outward hatred to reduce stress of unrequited feelings
projection
defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others - i hate my parents turns into my parents hate me
rorschach inkblot test
relies on assumption that client projects his unconscious feelings onto the shape
thematic apperception tests
series of pictures presented to client and he’s asked to make up a story about each one. story will elucidate client’s unconscious thoughts and feelings
rationalization
justification of behaviors in manner that is acceptable to the self and society
displacement
describes transference of undesired urge from one person or objects to another
sublimation
transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
carl jung
thought of libido as psychic energy in general, not just sexuality
personal unconscious
similar to freud’s unconscious
collective unconscious
powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be residue of experiences of our early ancestors
archetypes
images of common experiences of ancestors with emotional element
persona
likened to a mask that we wear in public, part of our personality that we present to the world, adaptive to social interactions
anima/animus
feminine/masculine, describes sex inappropriate qualities. anima - surppressed female quality in males that explains emotional behavior (man’s inner woman), animus (woman’s inner man)
shadow
unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts and feelings and actions in our consciousness
self
intersection between collective and personal unconscious, and conscious mind, strives for unity
mandala
symbol of self for Jung
three dichotomies of personality
extraversion, introversion/sensing, intuiting/thinking, feeling
inferiority complex
individuals sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially
creative self
force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes personality
style of life
represents manifestation of creative self and describes person’s unique way of achieving superiority (family enviro big factor)
fictional finalism
notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectation of future than past
horney’s postulation
individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by one of ten neurotic needs, each of these needs is directed toward making life and interactions bearable
basic anxiety
vulnerability/helplessness
basic hostility
neglect and rejection, anger
overcoming basic anxiety/hostility and attaining security (3)
moving toward ppl to obtain goodwill of ppl who provide security; moving against people, fighting them to obtain obtain upper hand; withdrawing from people/moving away
object relations theory
object refers to representation of parents or caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy
humanistic perspective
focus on value of individuals and take a more person centered approach, describing ways healthy people strive toward self realization
gestalt therapy
which practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as complete person instead of reducing him to behaviors/drives
force field theory
lewin, put very little stock on constraints on personalities such as fixed traits habits or structures such as id, ego, superego, field = one’s current state of mind, simply sum of forces (influences) on individual
peak experiences
profound and deeply moving experiences in person’s life that have lasting effect
personal construct psychology
individual is scientist, person devises and tests preditions about behavior of people in life
client centered/person centered/nondirective therapy
people have freedom to control their own behavior, not slaves to unconsious or subject to faulty learning
unconditional positive regard
therapuetic technique by which therapist accepts client completely with empathy
type theorists
attempt to create taxonomy of personality types
trait theorists
prefer to describe individual persoanlity as sum of person’s characteristic behaviors, use clusters of behaviors to describe ppl
somatotypes
personality traits based on body type
type a
competitive compulsive behavior
type b
laid back/relaxed
PEN model
psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
psychoticism
measure of nonconformity/social deviance
extraversion
measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
neuroticism
measure of emotinal arousal in stressful situations
big 5
OCEAN - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
cardinal traits
traits around with person orhanizes her life
central traits
represent major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer like honesty/charisma
secondary traits
other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence - come during small groups
functional autonomy
behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created behavior
behaviorist
operant conditioning, personality simply reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time
token economics
used in inpatient therapeutic settings, positive behavior is rewarded with tokens
social cognitive
how we interact with enviro not only how enviro influences behavior
reciprocal determinism
refers to idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, enviro all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation. best prediction of future behavior is past behavior in same situation
biological
personality explained as result of genetic experession in the brain
