6C: Respoding to the world Flashcards
emotion
natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
3 elements of emotion
physio response, behavioral response, cognitive response
physiological response
changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temp, BP
behavior response
facial expression, body language
cognitive response
subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced
universal emotions
emotions and corresponding expressions are universal (darwin said emotions are evolutionary)
7 basic emotions by Ekman
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger
adaptive role of emotion
emotions are thought to be evolutionary adaptations due to situations encountered over the evolutionary history of the human species that guide sensory processing, physiological response, and behavior
3 theories of emotion
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer
James-Lange theory of emotion
stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to secondary response in which emotion is labeled. (I must be angry because my skin is hot and my BP is high)
Cannon-Bard theory
cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in behavioral component of emotion/action (I’m afraid bc I see a snake and my heart is racing, let me out)
Schachter-Singer theory
cognitive arousal theory, 2 factor theory, both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for emotion to be experienced (I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy)
limbic system
complex set of structures that reside below cerebrum on either side of thalamus. system made up of amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of cerebral cortez
amygdala
small round structure that signals cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions, processes environment, detects external cues, learns from surroundings to produce emotion. assc. with fear and human emotion thru interpretation of facial expressions. controls implicit mem (emotional memories)
thalamus
prelim sensory processing station, routes info to cortex and other areas.
hypothalamus
located below thalamus, synthesizes and releases variety of NTs. homeostatic fxns, modulates emotion. largely dictates emotional states thru controlling NTs that effect mood/arounsal
hippocampus
within temporal lobe, creates LT memories. aids in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience. storage of emotional memories are key in producing emotional response. controls explicit mem (emotional memories)
emotional memory
unconscious, implicit memory for emotions, storage of actual feelings in emotion associated with an event
distinguishing facial expressions
temporal/occipital lobe, lateralized so right hemi more active when discerning facial expressions
prefrontal cortex
anterior portion of frontal lobes assc. with planning intricate cog fxns, expressing personality, making decisions. recieves arousal input from the brain stem coordinating arousal and cognitive states. left = positive emotions, right = negative emotions
dorsal prefrontal cortex
assc. with attention and cognition
ventral prefrontal cortex
connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
thought to play substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from amygdala
autonomic nervous system
relates to emotion, specific physiological rxns are assc. with specific emotions.
physiological markers of emotion
skin temp, heart rate, breathing rate, BP, heart rate variability, blood pulse volume, diastolic BP
stress
response to challenging events, physical, emotional, cog, or behavioral
cognitive appraisal of stress
subjective evaluation of situation that induces stress, 2 stagesL primary and secondary
primary appraisal
initial eval of enviro and assc. threat. can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful. if threat, then secondary
secondary appraisal
directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, eval 3 things: harm (damage caused by event), threat (potential for future damage), challenge (potential to overcome/benefit from event)
reappraisal
this is what situations that require ongoing monitoring need
stressor
biological event, external condition or event that leads to stress resp
common stresses (5)
environmental factors, daily events, workplace/academia, social expectations, chemical/bio stressors
distress
occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
eustress
result of positive conditions, include life events
social readjustment rating scale
stress level can be measured in “life change units”
psychological stressors (5)
pressure, control, predictability, frustration, conflict
pressure stressors
experienced when expectations or demands are put in place from external source
control stressors
ability to control one’s surroundings reduces stress levels
predictability stressors
people who cannot predict their daily scenarios are more stressed
frustration stressors
occurs when attaining goal is prevented
conflict stresses
need to make a choice
approach approach conflict
need to choose between two good things
avoidance avoidance
choose between two negative choices
approach avoidance
deals with only one choice, goal, or event but outcome could have both positive and negative elements
physiological response to stress
sympathetic nervous system responds initially - inc heart rate, dec digestion
general adaptation syndrome
seq of physio responses, three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
alarm stage
initial reaction to stressor and activation of symp NS, hypo stimulates pituitary to secrete ACTH, adrenal cortex then releases cortisol (maintains blood sugar), adrenal medulla activated by hypo to secrete NE/E
resistance
continuous release of hormones allows SNS to remain engaged to fight stressor
exhaustion
body can no longer maintain an elevated response with SNS activity
emotional response to stress
moody, tense, fearful, helpless, difficulty concentration/memory
behavioral response to stress
withdrawing from others, difficulties at work/school, drugs, aggression, suicide. chronic stress leads to mental health disorders (depression/anxiety)
problem focused strategy
involve working to overcome stressor - social support, confronting issue head on
emotionally focused strategy
changing one’s feeling about stressor - take responsibility for issue, self control, wishful thinking, positive reappraisal
exercise
strong stress management tool, increases mood nc endorphins
relaxation techniques (3)
meditation, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation reduce stress
