Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Zoology Semester 2 > APS136 Papers > Flashcards

APS136 Papers Flashcards

1
Q

The largest free-living animal to inhabit Antarctica all year-round is…

A

a flightless midge, Belgica antarctica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Larval midges survive the lengthy austral winter…

A

encased in ice - when the ice melts in summer the larvae complete their 2-year cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Larvae constitutively upregulate their … … …, which are… and maintain a high inherent tolerance to temperature stress

A

heat shock proteins,

  • small hsp
  • hsp70
  • hsp90
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In larvae, high or low temperature exposure does not further … these genes nor does it further enhance …

A

upregulate, thermotolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This “preemptive” synthesis of hsps is sufficient to prevent irreversible … … in response to a variety of common … …

A

protein aggregation, environmental stresses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conversely, adults exhibit no … upregulation of their hsps and have a … intrinsic tolerance to high temperatures, but their hsps can be … activated, resulting in enhanced …

A

constitutive, lower, thermally, thermotolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The midge feeds on…

A

dead plant material, algae and microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The midge can overwinter in any of the four…

A

larval instars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The larvae can tolerate freezing…

A

year round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Wingless adults, which are not …, emerge, mate in …, and lay eggs for a brief period of about … weeks during the summer.

A

freeze-tolerant, aggregations, 1-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Summer air temperatures seldom exceed …, but temperatures in the rocks, vegetation and substrate in which the midges live may be … higher

A

5C, 20C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This study examines the … temperature responses of larvae and adults of the midge, B. antarctica, collected in antarctica during January, when the insect is exposed to the temperature extremes of the … …

A

high, austral summer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Larvae are frequently subjected to a variety of environmental stressors, including…

A
  • freezing
  • dessication
  • osmotic stress
  • anoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When transferred from 4C to 20C 1-2 days after field collection, adults were considerably…

A

less heat-tolerant than larvae, surviving <1 day at 20C and for even shorter periods at higher temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The 2h conditioning of the larvae at 15,20 or 25C caused … and … survival at 30C.

A

thermosensitivity, reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Likewise, a 2h exposure to 20C failed to protect larvae from a 1d exposure to …

A

25C

17
Q

In adults, 1h at 20C … … enhance survival at 30C, but 1h at 25C significantly … survival at 30C

A

did not, increased

  • adults are capable of generating thermoprotection
18
Q

All 3 hsp transcripts (smhsp, hsp70, hsp90) were expressed at … … in larvae maintained at 4C, whereas adults held at 4C exhibited … or … hsp expression.

A

high levels,

little, no

19
Q

Neither high or low temperature exposure further … transcript abundance in the larvae, immediately after the stress nor after return to ambient temperature

A

increased

20
Q

In adults, despite little or no hsp expression at 4C, all 3 genes were responsive to … …, suggesting … of the genes.

A

heat stress, upregulation

21
Q

Exposure to a variety of environmental stresses that may result in cell injury and protein denaturation did not increase protein … in larvae

A

aggregation

22
Q

hsp70 is also expressed constitutively in 2 antarctic marine organisms, a … and a …, and a terrestrial … found in penguin shit constitutively expresses both hsp70 and hsp90.

A

fish, ciliate, yeast

23
Q

The chemical cues released by eggs are known to act at the … level (e.g. facilitating species recognition), but recent studies have suggested that they could have roles at the … level by moderating sperm …

A

interspecific, intraspecific, competition

24
Q

They used fluorescently labeled … dye in mussels to track the real-time success of sperm as they compete to fertilize eggs, and provide the first direct evidence in any species that competitive fertilisation success is moderated by … … …

A

mitochondrial, differential sperm chemotaxis

25
Q

The data is consistent with the idea that egg chemoattractants selectively attract ejaculates from … … males, based on relationships inferred from both … and … genetic markers.

A

genetically compatible, nuclear, mitochondrial

26
Q

… … was the ancestral mode of sexual reproduction

A

broadcast spawning

27
Q

Sexual selection almost certainly began…

A

in the sea - with externally fertilising organisms

28
Q

Eggs of broadcast spawners can moderate the … and … of sperm at the gamete surface, or select sperm … when multiple sperm penetrate the egg

A

recognition, fusion, nuclei

29
Q

Eggs can also influence sperm … (prior to the release of gametes) through the release of … …

A

remotely, chemical attractants

30
Q

In mussels, it has previously been revealed that chemoattractants have differential effects on the swimming behaviour and physiology of sperm from different conspecific males:

A

swimming behaviour:

  • chemotactic responses
  • swimming trajectory
  • swimming speed

physiology:
- acrosome reaction

31
Q

In M. galloprovincialis and many other bivalves, embryos inherit both paternal and maternal mitochondria through a process termed … … …

A

doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI)

32
Q

In DUI, maternal mitochondria are inherited in the … tissue of all offspring, while the paternal mitochondria are ultimately transmitted to the … … of male offspring. Initially, however, sperm mitochondria are transferred to all … …

A

somatic, germ line, fertilised eggs

33
Q

Mussels were collected from…

A

Woodman point, cockburn, western australia

- during the spawning season (June-September)

34
Q

Spawning was induced using a temperature increase from…

A

ambient to 28C

35
Q

SR =

A

standard rival

36
Q

There were two sources of significant variation in focal male competitive fertilisation success:

A

a) the male effect
b) the male-by-female interaction

the success of each focal male within a block depended on the specific identity of the focal female chemoattractant

37
Q

The nuclear data indicated a … population

A

well-mixed

despite evidence of two historical phylogenetic lineages - northern and southern hemisphere lineages

38
Q

Competitive fertilisation success was higher when focal male and focal female nuclear genotypes were…

A

less related, but also when focal males and focal females had the same mitochondrial lineage

39
Q

The findings suggest that egg chemoattractants allow females to promote fertilisation by more…

A

compatible males when multiple ejaculates compete

Zoology Semester 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions