7.4 Meiosis Study Guide Flashcards
Meiosis
a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm)
Fertilization
The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum.
Homologous Chromosomes
chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position and centromere location
Sister Chromatids
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
Haploid
the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells
Diploid
the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair
Somatic Cell
the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells (which are called germ cells)
Gamete
A gamete is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant. In animals, female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm
Crossing over
a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up
Independent Assortment
a genetic principle that states that the alleles of two genes will segregate into daughter cells independent of one another
Comparing and contrasting sexual and asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring.
Explaining how genetic variation can occur in asexual reproduction vs sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variation than asexual reproduction. Because in sexual reproduction, genetic material from both the parents mixed (recombination of parent chromosomes) by fertilization.
Comparing and contrasting prophase of mitosis with prophase I and II of meiosis
In prophase of mitosis, each chromosome is represented twice i.e. both members of a homologous pair are present in cell but in prophase II of meiosis, each chromosome is represented once i.e. only one member of the homologous pair is present.
Comparing and contrasting metaphse of mitosis with metaphse I and II of meiosis
The difference between Metaphase in mitosis and Metaphase I in Meiosis I is that during the metaphase in mitosis has pairs of chromosomes, while in the metaphase I in meiosis I chromosomes have spindle fibers. They both are the same because metaphase 2 is found in meiosis 2.
Comparing and contrasting anaphase of mitosis with anaphase I and II of anaphase
Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes, while Anaphase II separates sister chromatids. Anaphase I ensures the proper distribution of homologous chromosomes to different daughter cells, while Anaphase II ensures the separation of sister chromatids, resulting in the formation of genetically diverse gametes.
Comparing and contrasting parent and daughter cells of mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA. Many cells in the body go through mitosis, but some do so more often than others.
