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MOD > 7.1b Cell adaptations of growth and differentiation > Flashcards

7.1b Cell adaptations of growth and differentiation Flashcards

(clinical relevance of 5 types of cell adaptation & distinguish from aplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia )

1
Q

Is cell adaptation reversible or irreversible ?

A

reversible

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2
Q

Adaptations are often …1… changes in cellular.

….2…. (5) changes due to ..3.. or ….4….

A
  1. reversible
  2. size,number,phenotype, metabolic activity, function
  3. environment
  4. demand
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3
Q

what’s regeneration ?

A

replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size

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4
Q

Harmful agent -> resolution, steps ?

A
  • harmful agent removed
  • limited tissue damage
  • regeneration
  • resolution
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5
Q

harmful agent -> scar, process ?

A
  • harmful agent persists
  • extensive tissue damage
  • permanent cells
  • scar
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6
Q
  1. ….. capacity of tissue vary
  2. cells can regenerate …..
  3. only … cells can proliferate …..
A
  1. regenerative
  2. many times
  3. stem , indefinitely
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7
Q

hayflick number = amount of times a line of cells can ….?

A

divide before telomere loss prevents further division

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8
Q

Hayflick number varies….

A

dependent on the species

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9
Q
  1. reconstitution is what ?
  2. requires ….
A
  1. replacement of a lost part of the body
  2. coordinated regeneration of several types of tissues
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10
Q

mammals ability to reconstitute a body part is ?

A

minimal

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11
Q

In wound healing what’s able to reconstitute ?

A

small blood vessels

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12
Q

give 2 examples of cells that regenerate and do they ?

A
  1. liver - hepatocytes, post lobectomy
  2. skin epidermis, post burn
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13
Q

what’s hyperplasia ?

A

increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell numbers

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14
Q

Which cell populations can hyperplasia only occur in ?

A

labile or stable because permanent cannot divide

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15
Q

Which control does hyperplasia remain under ? & is reversible

A

physiological control

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16
Q

Hyperplasia can occur secondary to a pathological cause i.e ?

A

proliferation is a normal reponse to another abnormal condition -> neoplasia - the proliferation in itself is abnormal

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17
Q

What does repeated cell divisions expose the cell to ?

A

risk of mutations and neoplasia (not always?)

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18
Q

physiological & pathological of hyperplasia ?

A

physiological:
* hormonal
* compensatory

pathological:
* excess hormonal stimulation
* growth factor production

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19
Q

2 Physiological examples of hyperplasia ?

A
  • proliferative endometrium under influence of oestrogen / increase in breast gland for lactation
  • bone marrow produces erythrocytes in response to hypoxia
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20
Q

pathological example of hyperplasia

A

thyroid goitre in iodine deficiency

21
Q

Pathological hyperplasia usually occurs secondary to ….1… or ….2….

A
  1. excess hormonal stimulation
  2. growth factor production
22
Q

what’s hypertrophy ?

A

increase in tissue or organ size due to increase in cell size without increase in cell number

23
Q

Why do cells become bigger in hypertrophy ?

A

they contain more structural components (not because of swelling)

24
Q

Which tissue us hypertrophy especially seen in ?

A

permanent tissues

25
Q

Why does hypertrophy mainly occur in permanent tissues ?

A

these tissues have little replicative capacity and so increase in organ size MUST occur via hypertrophy

26
Q

pathological examples of hypertrophy ?

A
  • ventricular cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension
  • bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy with obstruction due to enlarged prostate gland (hypertrophy & hyperplasia)
27
Q

Atrophy definition ?

A

shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substance

where is shrinkage in the size of the cell to a size which survival is still possible

28
Q

Organ/tissue atrophy is typically due to a combination of ?

A

cellular atrophy and apoptosis

29
Q

Examples of physiologic and pathologic atrophy ?

A

physiologic
* during early development
* e.g. thyroglossal duct atrophy in adolescence, thymus atrophy

pathologic
* depending on cause, localised or generalised

30
Q

3 physiological examples of atrophy ?

A
  1. ageing = thymus gland atrophy as age
  2. ovarian atrophy = post-menopausal women
  3. decrease in seize of uterus = after parturition (childbirth)
31
Q

8 pathological examples of atrophy ?

A
  • Reduced functional demand/workload: muscle atrophy after disuse, reversible with activity
  • Loss of innervation = denervation atrophy: wasted hand muscles after median nerve damage
  • Inadequate blood supply: thinning of skin on legs with peripheral vascular disease
  • Wasting of muscles with malnutrition + immobility = sarcopaenia [fundamental pathogenesis of frailty]
  • Loss of endocrine stimuli: breast, reproductive organs
  • Persistent injury: polymyositis (inflammation of muscle)
  • Aging = senile atrophy: brain, heart
  • Pressure: tissues around an enlarging benign
    tumour (probably secondary to ischaemia)
32
Q

What’s slim disease in AIDS an example of ? due to what ?

A
  • gross body atrophy (wasting)
  • due to HIV infection and disseminated tuberculosis
33
Q

mechanism of atrophy ?

A
  1. decreased protein synthesis
  2. increased protein degradation (ubiquitin proteasome path)
  3. increased autophagy (residual bodes; autophagosomes with lipofuscin)
34
Q

What’s metaplasia ?

A

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type

35
Q

Metaplasia is most clelarly adaptive in which tissue ?

A

epithelial

36
Q

Metaplasia is due to what differentiation ?

A

altered stem cell

37
Q

What may metaplasia represent ?

A

an adaptive substitution of cells that are sensitive to stress by cell types better able to withstand the adverse environment

38
Q

How does the differentiation status of cells in metaplasia compare to that in dysplastic and cancerous epithelium?

A

In metaplasia, cells are fully differentiated

In contrast, dysplastic and cancerous epithelia have disorganized and abnormal differentiation, with cancerous cells exhibiting irreversible changes

39
Q

What is metaplasia sometimes a prelude to ?

A

dysplasia and cancer

40
Q

2 examples of metaplasia ?

A
  • bronchial pseudostratified ciliated epithelium -> stratified squamous epithelium due to effect of cigarette smoke
  • stratified squamous epithelium -> gastric glandular epithelium with persistent acid reflux (Barrett’s oesophagus)
41
Q

A detrimental and no apparent use of metaplasia is transformation of bronchial pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium due to cigarrette smoking

explain the effect of this transformation

A

squamous epithelium doesn’t produce cleansing mucus and lack cilia to move it along making the smoker more vulnerable to respiratory infections

42
Q

Metaplasia can sometimes be a prelude to dysplasia and cancer.
Give an example of this.

A

Severe types of epithelial metaplasia predispose to malignant epithelial cancers e.g., Barret’s oesophagus and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach (which occurs in chronic H. pylori infection).

43
Q

what’s aplasia ?

A
  • complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop
  • an embryonic developmental disorder (congenital)
44
Q

Example of aplasia

A

thymic aplasia results in susceptibilty to infections and auto-immune problems

45
Q

What’s hypoplasia ?

A

underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ at embryonic stage, inadequate number of cells

46
Q

What is hypoplasia in a spectrum with ?

A

aplasia

47
Q

example of hypoplasia ?

A
  • kidneys
  • breasts
  • testes in klinefelter’s syndrome
  • chambers of heart
48
Q
  1. definition of dysplasia ?
  2. potentially …
  3. often…
  4. in skin : dysplasia =
A
  1. abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue
  2. reversible
  3. pre-cancerous
  4. carcinoma in situ
49
Q

What are the 2 completely different meaning dysplasia has in pathology ?

A
    1. abnormal cellular development with abnormal cell cycling and accumulating genetic abnormalities, leading to cancer
    1. abnormal development or maturation leading to malformation of an organ, eg renal dysplasia & fibrous dysplasia of bone

MOD (22 decks)

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