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MOD > 7.1 Cellular adaptations (cell mechanisms, GF's, cell cycle, cell population characteristics) > Flashcards

7.1 Cellular adaptations (cell mechanisms, GF's, cell cycle, cell population characteristics) Flashcards

1
Q

5 types of cell adaptation are ?

A
  • regeneration
  • hyperplasia
  • hypertrophy
  • atrophy
  • metaplasia
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2
Q

pathology is ?

A

body’s reaction to injuries

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3
Q

size of cell population depends on rate of …?

A
  • cell proliferation
  • cell differentiation
  • cell death by apoptosis
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4
Q

Increased numbers of cells are seen with …. or ….?

A
  • increased proliferation
  • decreased cell death
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5
Q

which conditions does proliferation occur in ?

A

physiological and pathological conditions

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6
Q

what regulates normal cell proliferation ?

A

proto-oncogenes

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7
Q

what kind of signals is cell proliferation largely controlled by ?

A
  • soluble
  • contact dependent
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8
Q

Cell proliferation is largely controlled by ….1….(soluble or contact dependent) from the ..2… which either ….3…. or ..4…. cell proliferation.

A
  1. signals
  2. microenvironment
  3. stimulate
  4. inhibit
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9
Q

cell to cell signalling can be via… :

A
  • hormones
  • local mediators (e.g. growth factors)
  • direct cell-cell or cell-stroma contact
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10
Q

3 mechanisms of intercellular signalling in cell growth ?

A
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
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11
Q

Autocrine mechanism includes what cells ?

A

same secreting and responding cell

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12
Q

paracrine mechanism includes what cells?

A

secreting cell and responding cell are different, but co-located (same organ, eg gut)

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13
Q

endocrine mechanism includes what ?
1. endocrine organs synthesise…
2. conveyed through….
3. from site of synthesis the target organ is ….

A
  1. hormones
  2. blood stream
  3. distant
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14
Q

signalling biochemistry is ….1… but final outcomes are …2..

A
  1. complex
  2. limited
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15
Q

Cells surviving means cell resist …?

A

apoptosis

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16
Q

when cells divide they enter …?

A

cell cycle

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17
Q

when cells differentiate what do they take on ?

A

specialised form and function

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18
Q

when cells die what do they under go ?

A

apoptosis

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19
Q

Apoptosis:
1. cell death is …
2. physiological / pathological
3. cell …. and ….
4. signals ?
5. no …. reaction

A
  1. programmed
  2. physiological
  3. collapses, disappears
  4. internal & external
  5. inflammatory
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20
Q

Necrosis
1. cell death - gross ….
2. …. reaction
3. 5 examples of external agents involved ?

A
  1. tissue death
  2. inflammatory
  3. ischaemia, toxin, trauma, infection, heat/cold
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21
Q

Growth factors are local mediators involved in ?

A

cell proliferation

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22
Q

growth factors stimulate cell proliferation but may also affect cell otherwise how ?

A
  • locomotion
  • contractility
  • differentiation
  • angiogenesis
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23
Q

growth factors:
1. coded by ?
2. act on the cell surface as ?
3. local … ?

A
  1. proto-oncogenes
  2. polypeptides
  3. hormones
24
Q

List some growth factors

A
  • epidermal GF
  • vascular endothelial GF
  • Platelet-derived GF
  • Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
25
Q

Epidermal growth factor is mitogenic for what cells ?

A
  • epithelial cells
  • hepatocytes
  • fibroblasts
26
Q

Epidermal growth factor is produced by what ?

A
  • keratinocytes
  • macrophages
  • inflammatory cells
27
Q

Epidermal growth factor binds to ?

A

epidermal growth factor receptor

28
Q

define vasculogenesis

A

blood vessel development

29
Q

define angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels

30
Q

2 roles of vascular endothelial growth factor ?

A
  • potent inducer vasculogenesis
  • role in angiogenesis in tumours, chronic inflammation and wound healing
31
Q

Where are platelet-derived growth factors stored and released on ?

A
  • stored in platelet alpha granules
  • released on platelet activation
32
Q

Where are platelet-derived growth factors also produced by ?

A
  • macrophages
  • endothelial cells
  • smooth muscle cells
  • tumour cells
33
Q

What is caused in smooth muscle cells and monocytes because of platelet-derived growth factors ?

A

migration and proliferation of fibroblasts

34
Q

Granulocyte colony stimulating factors are a treatment to stimulate ? include 2 examples of during when

A
  • poorly functioning bone marrow
  • during chemotherapy & renal failure
35
Q

Increased growth of cell occurs by what ?

A
  • shortening of cell cycle
  • conversion of quiescent cells to proliferating cells by making them enter the cell cycle
36
Q

Under the light microscope, only which phase of the cell cycle is distinctive ?

A

M phase

37
Q

What are the following phases of the cell cycle ? and what happens ?
1. G1 =
2. S =
3. G2 =
4. M =

A
  1. gap 1 , presynthetic, cell grows
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. gap 2, premitotic, cell prepares to divide
  4. mitosis
38
Q

cell cycle progression is controlled by key … ?

A

check points

39
Q

what is checked for G2 checkpoint before enterin M phase ?

A
  • is all DNA replicated ?
  • is cell big enough ?
40
Q

what is checked at G1 phase before enter S phase ?

A
  • is cell big enough ?
  • is environment favorable ?
  • is DNA damaged ?
41
Q

What is the most critical checkpoint ? where is it found ?

A

Restriction point, towards end of G1

42
Q

What happens to majority of cells that pass the Restriction point ?

A

they will complete the full cycle so there it’s a point of no return

43
Q

In cancer cells what kind of checkpoint is the R point ?

A

most commonly altered checkpoint of the cell cycle

44
Q

What does the restriction point checkpoint activation delay and trigger ?

A
  • delays cell cycle
  • triggers DNA repair mechanisms or apoptosis via p53
45
Q

what controls the cell cycle ?

A

cyclins and CDKs

46
Q

what tightly regulates the progression through the cell cycle and particularly the G1/S transition ?

A

proteins called cyclins and associated enzymes called CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases)

47
Q

When do CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) become active ?

A

binding to and complexing with cyclins

48
Q

How do activated CDKs drive the cell cycle ?

A

by phosphorylating proteins that are critical for cell cycle transitions

49
Q

Give an example of one of the critical proteins regulated by CDKs ?

A

retinoblastoma susceptibility protein

50
Q

Many growth factors stimulate production of … ?

A

cyclins

51
Q

Activity of cyclin-CDK complexes is tightly regulated by … ?

A

CDK inhibitors

52
Q

Some growth factors shut off production of …… inhibitors, the same inhibitors that tightly regulate the activity of cyclin-CDK complexes

A

CDK inhibitors

53
Q

What’s the first tumor suppressor gene to be identified ?

A

RB (retinoblastoma) gene

54
Q

Retinoblastoma (RB) gene:
1. recessive / dominant gene ?
2. inherited ….. of one gene

A
  1. dominant
  2. absence
55
Q

How can cell populations be classified according to ?

A

their ability to enter the cell cycle

56
Q

In labile cell populations, stem cells divide persistently to … ?

A

replenish losses

MOD (22 decks)

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