Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD > 6 Atherosclerosis RISK factors / Epidemiology > Flashcards

6 Atherosclerosis RISK factors / Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis affects what size arteries ?

A

large (aorta, carotid, iliac) and medium sized arteries (coronary, renal, cerebral )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

atherosclerosis define ?

A

thickening , narrowing and hardening of the walls of large and medium sized arteries as a consequence of atheroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

atheroma define ?

A

accumulation of intra- and extracellular lipid in the tunica intima and tunica media of large and medium sized arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

arteriosclerosis definition ?

A

thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries and arteriolesfrom any cause (including atherosclerosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

normal arterial structure

A
  1. tunica intima (innermost layer , smooth endothelium, elastic tissue)
  2. tunica media (smooth muscle, elastic tissue & collagen)
  3. tunica adventitia (outermost layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fundamental lesion in atherosclerosis is called a ….. ?

A

plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 ish sections: Fat bread of Air

modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis ?

A
  • carbohydrate excess (western pattern diet)
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • abdominal obesity
  • insulin resistance
  • diabetes mellitus
    • trans-unsaturated fatty acids
    • hypertension
    • dyslipidaemia, hyperlipidaemia
  • tobacco smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of food containing trans-unsaturated FAs ?

A
  • partially hydrogenated oils
  • ready-made cookies
  • deep-fried foods e.g. elaidic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nonmodifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis ?

A
  • age
  • south asian descent
  • family history
  • genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

less or uncertain risk factors for atherosclerosis ?

A
  • thrombophilia
  • alcohol
  • sleep deprivation
  • arsenic
  • air pollution
  • chronic stress
  • periodontal disease
  • systemic inflammation / infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epidemiology of atherosclerosis: AGE (non-modifiable)
throughout adult life it’s …..1… and the risk factors operater over ..2..

A
  1. slowly progressive
  2. years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epidemiology of atherosclerosis: GENDER (non-modifiable)
1. until when are women relatively protected ?
2. presumed bias …?
3. Incidens in women = that of men by age range ?

A
  1. before menopause
  2. hormonal
  3. 70s and 80s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which type of lipoprotein is most significant in contributing to atherosclerosis ?

A

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) because of it high half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what role does HDL play in cardiovascular health ?

A

HDL is protective as it helps to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream, thereby reducing the risk of plaque formation in the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia
1. type of disorder ?
2. characterised by ?
3. due to ?

A
  1. genetic disorder
  2. extremely high levels of LDL cholesterol
  3. defects LDL receptor resulting in decreased hepatic uptake of LDL and increased circulating LDL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At what age might individuals with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia experience a myocardial infarction ?

A

before age of 20 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are lipids carried in the blood ?

A

bound to carriers:
* 2% mostly FA bound to albumin (limited capacity to transport FA)
* ~ 98% carried as lipoprotein particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lipoprotein particles consist of what ?

A
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterols
  • cholesterol esters
  • proteins
  • triacylglycerols
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. structure of core of a lipoprotein ?
  2. what forms outer layer of lipoprotein ?
A
  1. hydrophobic lipid core
  2. hydrophilic outer layer of phospholipid and apolipoprotein (A-E)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is the prevalence of atherosclerosis distributed among developed and developing nations ?

A

Atherosclerosis is ubiquitous (present everywhere) among developed nations, with a lower incidence in South America, Africa, and Asia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which specific population within Asia is predisposed to atherosclerosis?

A

south East Asians are predisposed to atherosclerosis.

22
Q

What factors influence the incidence of atherosclerosis in different regions?

A

Social circumstances and diet

23
Q

What happens to migrants who move to high-risk locations and adopt the local lifestyle and diet?

A

adopt the new lifestyle and diet have the same risk of atherosclerosis as the population in their new location.

24
Q

What can be inferred about the role of genetics versus lifestyle in the development of atherosclerosis from the information about migrants?

A

The information about migrants suggests that lifestyle and diet play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis, as migrants adopt the same risk levels as their new location, regardless of their genetic background.

25
Q

Associated physical signs of familial hyperlipidaemia ?

A
  • corneal arcus
  • tendon xanthomas
  • xanthelasma
26
Q

familial hyperlipidaemia :
1. …….. lipoproteins
2. leads to ….

A
  1. genetically determined abnormalities
  2. early development of atherosclerosis
27
Q

Smoking is a powerful risk factor for atheroscleorsis and what else ?

A

ischaemic heart disease

28
Q

Risk of atheroscleorsis falls after giving up what ?

A

smoking

29
Q

Although mode of action is uncertain with smoking and atheroscleorisis . Smoking is a …1… and there is increased …2… because of reduced …3.. (which is a …4… inhbitor)

A
  1. procoagulant
  2. platelet aggregation
  3. prostacyclin
  4. platelet activation
30
Q

With hypertension there is a …1… link between …2… and high …3…. blood pressure.

Mechanism uncertain:
perhaps …4… caused by raised pressure

A
  1. strong
  2. ischaemic heart disease
  3. systolic and diastolic
  4. endothelial damage
31
Q

How does impaired glucose tolerance contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?

A

formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)

32
Q

What are advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and how are they formed?

A

AGEs are formed when glucose derivatives react with amino acids of proteins.

33
Q

How do AGEs affect collagen in large blood vessels?

A

AGEs crosslink collagen, reducing the elasticity of large blood vessels and predisposing them to endothelial injury.

34
Q

What is the impact of AGEs on LDL and cholesterol deposition in blood vessels?

A

AGEs change protein properties, increasing LDL trapping and enhancing cholesterol deposition in the intima of blood vessels.

35
Q

How do AGEs influence the procoagulant activity of endothelial cells?

A

AGEs increase the procoagulant activity of endothelial cells.

36
Q

What causes the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in the context of diabetes mellitus?

A

Intracellular hyperglycaemia causes the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

37
Q

What is the effect of PKC activation on fibrinolysis?

A

PKC activation increases the production of procoagulants (e.g., PAI-1), leading to decreased fibrinolysis.

38
Q

How does PKC activation contribute to inflammation in blood vessels?

A

PKC activation results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines by the vascular endothelium.

39
Q

80% of deaths in DM type 2 happen how ?

A

cardiovascular deaths

40
Q

What do DM pateints have at least 3 time greater incidence of death from compared to non-DM ?

A

CVD (cardiovascular disease)

41
Q

Protective effect against atherosclerosis for ..1.. women is lost if they are …2…

A
  1. premenopausal
  2. diabetic
42
Q

Diabetes mellitus is associated with high risk of what 2 diseases ?

A
  • cerebrovascular
  • peripheral vascular
43
Q

Quantity of alcohol that’s associated with increased risk of ischaemic heart disease ?

A

more than 5 units/ day

44
Q

Smaller amounts of alcohol may be ..1.. with it ..2.. HDL levels

A
  1. protective
  2. increasing
45
Q

Genetic variations in which apolipoprotein is associated with changes in LDL levels ?

A

Apo E

46
Q

What are polymorphisms in the context of Apo E?

A

Polymorphisms are genetic variations in the Apo E gene that result in different phenotypes.

47
Q

How many Apo E phenotypes result from genetic polymorphisms?

A

at least 6

48
Q

Can Apo E polymorphisms be used as risk markers for any diseases?

A

Yes, Apo E polymorphisms can be used as risk markers for atherosclerosis.

49
Q

Why are Apo E polymorphisms significant in the context of atherosclerosis?

A

Apo E polymorphisms are significant because they influence LDL levels and can therefore serve as indicators of an individual’s risk for developing atherosclerosis.

50
Q
A

MOD (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions