7. The EU and Developing World Flashcards
How much development aid does the EU account for?
45%
What is the mechanism for deliberating assistance to poorer nations?
EU development fund
Who manages the European development fund
European Commission and European investment back
Compared to the Eu budget where is the development fund administered?
Outside of the Eu budget, only example of this happening
Why does Europe have such a tight grasp on the developing world?
Colonisation
When was the first Lomé convention?
1975, Lomé Togo
What is the Lomé convention an agreement between?
Eu and African, Pacific Caribbean, countries
Why was the Lomé convention disbanded
Unilateral preferences to ACP counties rather than the rest of the world
Why were the Lomé conventions replaced by?
Trade agreements
What was signed as a new trade agreement after Lomé?
Cotonou partnership, 2000
What is the Cotonou agreement
Framework treaty on aid, trade and political cooperation
When does the Cotonou agreement expire?
29th February 2020
Why did the us complain against bananas with Eu tax?
Caribbean countries had quotas for bananas which meant they could make them cheaper
What is the primary aim of the Cotonou agreement?
Reducing and eventually eradicating poverty
When did the spirit and Desire for the Lomé convention expire?
Mid 90’s
What did Gibb say about Lomé trade?
Postitive discrimination
Where was the quota for bananas provided from?
The EU, fixed to each country
Which agreement on trade on bananas led to a reduction of tariff to LA importers?
Geneva Agreement
When was the protests against th Eu banana trade
1996
Name some Eu countries that had colonies in Africa?
Uk, Belgium, France, Germany
When was the Yaoundé Convention
1963
What was established at the Yaoundé convention
Trade and aid package for 17 African states to offer between trading agreements with emerging EEC
What percentage of EEC exports went to developing countries?
50%
How many states were in the Lomé convention
45, largely grouped geographically
What interest did Sweden have in the Yaoundé convention?
Wanted poverty alleviation
What did Italy want from the Yaoundé convention
Commercial interest
What did France want from the Yaoundé convention
Close ties with over sees territories
What were the aims of the Lomé convention
To reduce external trade barriers to 0 with mined and agricultural goods a priority, aimed to massively increase aid
What was the target aim for trade in the Lomé convention
3 billion
What is the Lomé convention trade described as?
Non reciprocal
How many bananas were
Consumed in the EU
2.5 billion tonnes a year
What percentage of Caribbean farms make bananas
50%
How many countries are there in the ACP
79
What counties come together to stop Lomé trade agreements?
USA and Latin American counties
What was the main aims of the Cotonou convention
To reduce poverty l, in-line with sustainable development
What is an obligation for Cotonou counties to do?
Uphold good governance
What other thanks states can participate in Cotonou?
NGO’s
Out of the 49 counties on Cotonou how many are the poorest
40
When is the next Cotonou assessment year?
2020
Where is ACP based?
Brussels
What are is created in the Cotonou agreement
Freee trade area
What is the focus of the free trade area of Cotonou
Development
What political technique is used in investments and services
Liberalisation
What are the regions of the ACP?
West africa, central africa, eastern and Southern Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa, Pacific, and Carribean
What agreements are given to ACP countries?
Economic Partnership Agreements or EPA’s
What do the EPA’s focus on?
Small island nations and landlocked countries
What do EPAs do that concerns Europe
Opening up of markets to the EU
What are the main problems with EPAs?
Regional integration, industrial development, foreign investment and services?
How much of Ghana’s exports are to the EU?
80%, dependent on Eu
What does each EPA show power wise?
Asymmetrical amount of power between ACP counties and EU countries
What is aid now described as?
Cross compliant
What is the aid and EPA subject to?
Performance by ACP states
How many states make up the west African region?
16
Who is Eus most important trading group?
West Africa, 40% of all trade in ACP
Where do most of EU exports go to ACP?
Ivory Coast and Ghana (mainly industrial goods and machinery)
Where do most of EU imports come from in the ACP?
Nigeria (oil) Ghana and Ivory Coast Cocoa
What does the EPA ACO trade create?
Lock In (hunt 2012)
What is the main differences between Cotonou and Lomé?
Aid now based on performance, non stage allocators giver more access, political dialogue (tries to include peace)
What is the main alternative agreement to Cotonou
Joint africa Eu stratergy
When did the JAES start?
2007
What are the current priorities to JAES
Peace and security, democracy, humans development, youth leadership, sustainable and inclusive development, global and emerging issues
What does the JAES run
Youth leaders summit
What has JAES been able to do?
Get young people from each side to engage in understanding what is happening in each place
What are the common challenges in African and European youths
Unemployment and job finding
Who is argued to be the champion of soft power?
The EU
What seemed to challenge the relevance of the Eu in many ACP countries
Emergence of BRICs
What issues are more prominent than ever in Europe?
Controversial negotiations and political security issues
When was the first talk of Europe and the developing world
May 1956 tables by France
Why was it easier to start a trade relationship with africa rather than Latin America
Africa already had a framework in place
Why was the dialogue that stared with Latin countries and who pushed it
Brussels dialogue pushed by Italy
Name famous argentinians with Italian heritage
Gabriel Batistuta, Esteban Cambiasso, Di Maria and most famously Leo Messi, Also Javier Zanetti
Which 3 Latin counties did Eu try to get bilateral agreements with?
Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay
When was regular meetings set up between Europe and Asia?
Not unti ASEM in 1996
What is the ALA
Asia Latin America, review all trade programmes that exceed 2 million euros
What is wrong with the ALA
Grouped together countries that don’t make sense, like Brazil and argentine vs Yemen and Cuba
Which founding ECC countries had colonial relations with the developing world?
All but Luxembourg
What did the first Yaoundé convention offer?
Preferential access to the EEC and reductions in tariff, signed in 1963
What is the current spending of the European development fund?
Around 30 billion
Who blocked the Cotonou agreement talks due to migration worries
Hungary
Which part of Africa is developing quicker and has better trading partnerships
West Africa
When a country is in crisis like the DRC what does Europe aim to do
Encourage elections, provide solutions, try to dissipate anger and aggression
What do people from Eu who are supporting Africa think about the uk
Not happy with brexit,
No uk post Cotonou will be great different, will be close but different
Small states often loose money when joining big groups so why do it
Political motivation.
What are small states unable to achieve
A critical mass in terms of money, Armstrong and read 2002
What does the UN think is a small state
Below 1 million,
Armstrong and read
Why do small scale counties struggle economically
The scale means they are unable to be as efficient as larger states, this stops the development of larger scale manufacturing Armstrong and read
What positives are the ACO now showing
Increasing gdp per capita
What are the MDG’s
Millienium development goals
How many countries adopted the MDGs
189
Why is ACP EU relations key in poverty reduction
All but 8 poorest countrried are in the Cotonou agreement
What is African growth rates
2.73 % which greatly exceeds global levels
What is Eu best trading relaxation with the ACP
Africa
Why did 2004 dilute relations with ACP for Europe
Addition of 12 new Eu counties all with no colonial links led to lesser priorities
What did yaounde link europe to
tiny amount of the developing world with very little trade links, only 5% trade
The trading deficit in the yaounde convention between eu and the developing world was how much
over 3 billion
Why was the arrival of the UK to the EU so important for development relations
the UK had many former colonies and over sees territories
Where did the agreement have to extend to in order to accound for the UK
carribean states
What was another main reason for the Lome convention
how bad the yaounde had worked
What were the 3 possible options after Yaounde for progress
simply enlarge yaounde, individual bilateral agreements and preferentially agree on preferential trade agreements
How many european and developing counitres were there at the start of lome
46 developing countires and 9 EU countries
How many countries did lome rise to quickly after creation in 75
53
What can be said about the desire of lome
very very ambitious, maybe to much so
Why was lome so long lived
the institutionalisation it caused
What did the commision claimed was behind us
the colonisation of the past, had to move forward
WHat did the EU aim to do with aid after Lome
make it more effective and efficient
What did the EU want the new cotonou agreement to be
much more political, looking to reward states for good governance
Why did the EU reject cuba joining the ACP
human rights breaches
What is the aim with aid of cotonou
to align aid with international efforts
How will aid be granted in Cotonou
a 2 year cycle
What was seen as motivation for reform in Lome
past policy failures
At the end of Lome what was ACP share of the european market,
just 2.8 %
When was africa first seen as associated with an integrated europe
robert schuman declaration
At the start of Lome what was the global view
the most progressive and promising society (holland)
What was different about Lome IV
Contained more political power, coinciding with the fall of the berlin wall, more human rights campaigns
What did the green paper show before the cotonou agreement
that there had actually not been much progress in Lome and actually the globalisation of african nations has led to decline
What is the key goal of cotonou
to expedite the economic cultural social development of the ACP, contributing to peace
WHat are 4 fundamental principles of Cotonou
Equality of partners, foster widest possible involvement, dialougue and fulfilment of mutual obligations, differentiation in the arrangements for ACP countries
What is the main change in cotonou from Lome
the last principle, to change policy between the states
What is the main saftey aim cotonou hopes to erradicate
the arms trade
What must happen within 15 days of a offending country being flagged up for their actions
they must engage in consultation
What is good governance according to cotonou
transparent and accountable management of human natural economic and financial rescources
What were ACP countires reaction to the level of money made available in the EDF
they were unhappy, 15.2 billion euros for 92 countries, up to 25 billion now with unspent lome funds
How does cotonou think greater effeciency can be achevied
rationalising financial mechanisms under the agreement
Why is it hoped that recources will be less prone to being forzen into indicative programme budgets of the country,
Each state will be viewed differently in terms of needed and requirments
What are the 3 new macroeconomic policies in cotonou
debt relleif structural ajustments and export earnings
What has the ACP called for
cancelation of unsustainable debt levels
What is different in pacific countires between lome and cotonou
expanded into cotonou, was 8 now 14 countries,
What do many pacifc nations have
significant colonial links
