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Year 2 Political > 4. Rural Transformations > Flashcards

4. Rural Transformations Flashcards

1
Q

What first encouraged the rural transformation

A

World trade and globalisation

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2
Q

What is the EUs rural policy so important?

A

Significant in world trade, and interconnecting relationships between the EU and third countries

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3
Q

How much land in Europe is agricultural

A

45-50%

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4
Q

What connections in agriculture are key

A

Between agriculture and the food industry

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5
Q

What was the aim in terms of integration of the treaty of Rome

A

Ever closer union

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6
Q

How many articles within the treaty of Rome specify a need for CAP

A

5

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7
Q

Why did the 6 states in the first EEC want a CAP

A

All had

Big agricultural industries

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8
Q

What was the main aim for CAP

A

Increasing agricultural productivity, by end of ww2 Europe had been devastated by military action farming systems destabilised animals slaughtered, uk still had food rationing until the mid 50’s

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9
Q

What was the EECs aim with standard of living for CAP

A

Good standard of living for the farming community, 20% of the 6 states were farmers, had a political and economical significance

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10
Q

How many people in Europe were on the bread line in the late 1940’s

A

2million, poorest condition which is acceptable to live

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11
Q

What did the EEC aim to do with food prices

A

Make them more affordable to people

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12
Q

Why did the EEC aim to achieve market balance

A

Normally boom and bust cycles, before the war supply and demand were in balanced, introduced market intervention buying in goods in surplus and putting them into storage when the price for the goods drop they go back on the market

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13
Q

Where was the meeting in Northern Italy where the first commissioner of agriculture Mansholt brings together the other agricultural ministers

A

Stresa

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14
Q

What happened with CAP between 57-69

A

CAP established

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15
Q

What happened with CAP between 70-80

A

Surpluses began to emerge

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16
Q

What happened with CAP between 1980-90

A

Chronic surpluses, the medderiterenean problem

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17
Q

What happened with CAP between 90-98

A

MacSharry reforms, internal external dynamics

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18
Q

What happened with CAP between 99- early 2000

A

Agenda 2000 and the European model of farming

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19
Q

What happened with CAP between 2005- present

A

CAP to common rural development policy

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20
Q

What does the Common rural development policy challenge

A

The EU Commission and third countries

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21
Q

When were the main years of first policy development for CAP

A

62-69

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22
Q

Between 62 and 69 how much did beef olive oil and cereal production go up by

A

Quadrupled

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23
Q

What was put around the CAP and common market to protect ECC agriculture

A

Tarrif barrier

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24
Q

What what established to trade goods in CAP

A

Common market

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25
What did the development between 62 and 69 lead to
New productive connections between the states
26
When did food surpluses begin to emerge
End of the 60’s
27
What can be said about the management of agriculture
Agriculture is about the way rural space is managed not just about food production
28
Why did the CAP have additional funds to help keep certain agricultural in place
To keep the culture alive, some medditereanian olive farms were being outcompeted
29
What did the additional funds in CAP to manage landscapes become known as
Structural funds
30
Who first thought that the CAP was doing too well?
Mansholt and other commissioners
31
What did Mansholt propose in his letter 1969
Wanted older farms to stop farming to slow down production, member states thought all was good
32
What caused the change in the CAP in 1984
Spain and Portugal joined the EEC
33
What led to overproduction CAP
Incentives to protect farming from worldwide competition
34
By 1973 what is the EEC self sufficient in
Cereals and Diary
35
What was it called when farmers governments and unions try so solve the problem at the same time
Iron triangle of interests
36
What does the attempt to amended the CAP lead to spending wise In the EU
70% budget spending on CAP
37
Why is it hard to store food
Need the right temperature and costs a lots of money
38
What would happen if the golds were exported to the world market
Depresses prices for global food stuffs
39
What could the surpluses be used as
Food aid, | Destroyed and converted into other products, all cost more money
40
When did quotas come in to stop CAP surplus
1984
41
What is the 1986 set aside measure
A payment open to farmers voluntarily to set land aside they won’t farm on
42
What happened in 1988
Extensification rolling back how farming has intensified, tried to reduce livestock in each farm, and stop fertilisers
43
What is the global feeling for CaP in the late 1980’s
The policy is having a detrimental effect, distorting the efffecf that food exports have
44
Where did CAP effect the local farming community in the late 1980’s
Languedoc France
45
In Languedoc what was the main or most important industry
Wine production
46
Why did the government want to remove vineyards in languedoc
Over supply of wine, riots between wine farmers and police
47
Where did pressure come for CaP to reform
Both internal and external
48
In the 90’s how much did the Iberian workforce increase by
18%
49
What challenges did Portugal and Spain bring to CAP
Increase in a third of agricultural land that the policy now has to deal with
50
What negative effects does the decrease of agriculture and the rise of surplus have
De industrialisation and unemployment
51
What do New member states into the EU challenge
Different ideas of Europe, | Concern with what the CaP actually does
52
Where are economic advantages felt
In the larger farms, small farm holder are often the ones who did the less damage
53
How much of he funds went to the largest farms
80%
54
What does intensification of farming bring
Destruction of habitat and nature
55
What is the GATT
General agreement of tariffs and trade
56
Which country has more liberal approaches to agricultural
Cairns group Chile Argentina and New Zealand,
57
Who was in charge of the main CAP reform
Mac Sharry
58
How did Macsharry convince states of a reform
Said that there are aspects that the stage would benefit from
59
What did macsharry do with the media to increase development of CAP
Leak information on the media, eg France
60
What cuts in CAP were seen in the 90’s
35% cereals and 15% beef
61
What were cereal prices brought down to in 1992
Normal world market levels
62
How much of land must farmers set aside
15%
63
How did farmers get compensatory payment cuts
Have to set aside 15% of land
64
What quotas were introduced after 92
Livestock
65
What payments were also | brought in to accompany farmers wages
Environmental and forestry regulation
66
What did the forestry regulation aim to do
Get farmers to plant trees within their land
67
What had the strongest triangles of interest in agriculture
Sugar and diary
68
What was the scheme after the macsharry reforms
Greening the CAP
69
What were payments given to farmers for
Long term set aside of land, farmers who did this actually produced incredible ecological results
70
How many years did land need to be set aside for for nature conservation
20 years
71
What did the greening of the CaP see?
Habitats improvement, organic farming
72
What was one of the biggest polluters with CaP
Nitrates from soils and fertilisers
73
Were GATT happy with the macsharry reforms
Yes but wanted more steps
74
What is the first pillar
Commodity regimes
75
What is the second pillar
Agri environment schemes
76
Out of the new 10 Eu countries in 2004 which had the most workforce in agriculture
Lithuania and Poland
77
What did CAP develop into
CARP, common agricultural and rural policy
78
What were the challenges brought by new EU countries
Mixed farming
79
What does CARP focus on
Competitiveness of agriculture, diversification of rural economy, New governance arrangements in rural areas
80
When was the most recent CAP reform
2014
81
What were the biggest concerns with the 2014 CAP reform
Food security concerns, change in dietary habits,
82
What policy structure is normally applied to CAP
Intergovernmental bargaining
83
What are the 2 historic values that make farmers different
Farmers have special interests and needs not met through normal markets, and that agriculture makes a vital contribution to broader national interests and goals
84
What did swinbank say about the policy of the commission
They must trailer its policy to farmser predjudice if they want success
85
How much of europe is agricultural land
50.5% brouwer and Lowe
86
What was the core of the CAP in the treaty of rome
increase food production brouwer and lowe
87
When was environmental challenges first aknowledged i CAP policy
Macsharry reforms
88
What legal requirment to integrate environmental protection into farming came in 1987
The single European act, strengthened by maastrict treaty
89
What were the main goals of the 5th Envrionmental action programme in 1992
reduce chemical impacts, to acheive a balance between nutrient inputs and absorbsion
90
What impact do cattle have on our envrionmenment
damage to air soil and water quality
91
Where are most cattle farms found in england
on less favoured areas due to poor soil quality
92
Why can beef cattle be seen as important in agriculture
they are better at living of poorer soils, so help to cultivate areas of poort growth
93
Why might sheep be better to protect habitats than cattle on moorlands
cattle trample heathers
94
What are headage payments
payment per number of animal farmed
95
What are examples of livestock headage payments
SucklerCowPremium, BeefSpecialPremium, and SheepAnnualPremium
96
in 1991 what percentage of spending was on headage payments in the beef sector
17% rose to 64% in 1996
97
What stocking densities were added to CAP
Provided a limit for the amount of livestock units per hectare
98
In 1997 how many BSP's were payed to farmers
195,000 alone brouwer and lowe
99
What did grant say about the CAP
Remarkably insulated
100
What is still the first and foremost role of European agriculture
To supply food
101
What is the percentage spending on CAP 2014-20
35%
102
What has been the view of the European Parliament in CAP policy
It’s a marginal player
103
Wha have studies of the greening process been focuses on
Focussed on its outcomes rather than assessment of public significance of underlying trade
104
According to borrell and Hubbard what is the most distorting agricultural policy in world trade
The CAP
105
What has the EU switched from
Being a large importer of agricultural products to exporter
106
Compared to world levels how high are Eu prices set
The highest
107
Where do subsides usually come from in CAP
The tax payer
108
How much does CaP raise farmers incomes a year?
70billion
109
How much are important EU products boosted by?
More than 50%
110
Which sectors has CAP helped enlarge the most
Grain and milk
111
How did Eu lower world prices
Dumping of surplus stock on the global markets
112
What impact do non Eu farmers have due to Eu surplus dumping
Have to scale back production, less income
113
Due to the EU how much are dairy exports down in Canada and US
70%
114
What impact did the EU have on diary in New Zealand and australia
Kept produce in those countries, stopped exporting
115
Due to the EU why other sectors have expanded
Mining
116
What cost does the EU cap have to the world economy a year
75 billion
117
How much subsides do Mauritians get as payment from Cap
200million
118
How much of Mauritius sugar production gets subsidies
Over 70%
119
If there was no Cap and there was trade liberalisation how much would World prices rise by
38%
120
Who now is in charge of disicin making for the EU
Member states
121
What was envrionmental protection been seen as in CAP
a luxury

Year 2 Political (9 decks)

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