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Year 2 Political > 4. Rural Transformations > Flashcards

4. Rural Transformations Flashcards

1
Q

What first encouraged the rural transformation

A

World trade and globalisation

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2
Q

What is the EUs rural policy so important?

A

Significant in world trade, and interconnecting relationships between the EU and third countries

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3
Q

How much land in Europe is agricultural

A

45-50%

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4
Q

What connections in agriculture are key

A

Between agriculture and the food industry

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5
Q

What was the aim in terms of integration of the treaty of Rome

A

Ever closer union

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6
Q

How many articles within the treaty of Rome specify a need for CAP

A

5

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7
Q

Why did the 6 states in the first EEC want a CAP

A

All had

Big agricultural industries

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8
Q

What was the main aim for CAP

A

Increasing agricultural productivity, by end of ww2 Europe had been devastated by military action farming systems destabilised animals slaughtered, uk still had food rationing until the mid 50’s

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9
Q

What was the EECs aim with standard of living for CAP

A

Good standard of living for the farming community, 20% of the 6 states were farmers, had a political and economical significance

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10
Q

How many people in Europe were on the bread line in the late 1940’s

A

2million, poorest condition which is acceptable to live

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11
Q

What did the EEC aim to do with food prices

A

Make them more affordable to people

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12
Q

Why did the EEC aim to achieve market balance

A

Normally boom and bust cycles, before the war supply and demand were in balanced, introduced market intervention buying in goods in surplus and putting them into storage when the price for the goods drop they go back on the market

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13
Q

Where was the meeting in Northern Italy where the first commissioner of agriculture Mansholt brings together the other agricultural ministers

A

Stresa

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14
Q

What happened with CAP between 57-69

A

CAP established

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15
Q

What happened with CAP between 70-80

A

Surpluses began to emerge

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16
Q

What happened with CAP between 1980-90

A

Chronic surpluses, the medderiterenean problem

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17
Q

What happened with CAP between 90-98

A

MacSharry reforms, internal external dynamics

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18
Q

What happened with CAP between 99- early 2000

A

Agenda 2000 and the European model of farming

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19
Q

What happened with CAP between 2005- present

A

CAP to common rural development policy

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20
Q

What does the Common rural development policy challenge

A

The EU Commission and third countries

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21
Q

When were the main years of first policy development for CAP

A

62-69

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22
Q

Between 62 and 69 how much did beef olive oil and cereal production go up by

A

Quadrupled

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23
Q

What was put around the CAP and common market to protect ECC agriculture

A

Tarrif barrier

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24
Q

What what established to trade goods in CAP

A

Common market

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25
Q

What did the development between 62 and 69 lead to

A

New productive connections between the states

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26
Q

When did food surpluses begin to emerge

A

End of the 60’s

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27
Q

What can be said about the management of agriculture

A

Agriculture is about the way rural space is managed not just about food production

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28
Q

Why did the CAP have additional funds to help keep certain agricultural in place

A

To keep the culture alive, some medditereanian olive farms were being outcompeted

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29
Q

What did the additional funds in CAP to manage landscapes become known as

A

Structural funds

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30
Q

Who first thought that the CAP was doing too well?

A

Mansholt and other commissioners

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31
Q

What did Mansholt propose in his letter 1969

A

Wanted older farms to stop farming to slow down production, member states thought all was good

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32
Q

What caused the change in the CAP in 1984

A

Spain and Portugal joined the EEC

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33
Q

What led to overproduction CAP

A

Incentives to protect farming from worldwide competition

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34
Q

By 1973 what is the EEC self sufficient in

A

Cereals and Diary

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35
Q

What was it called when farmers governments and unions try so solve the problem at the same time

A

Iron triangle of interests

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36
Q

What does the attempt to amended the CAP lead to spending wise
In the EU

A

70% budget spending on CAP

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37
Q

Why is it hard to store food

A

Need the right temperature and costs a lots of money

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38
Q

What would happen if the golds were exported to the world market

A

Depresses prices for global food stuffs

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39
Q

What could the surpluses be used as

A

Food aid,

Destroyed and converted into other products, all cost more money

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40
Q

When did quotas come in to stop CAP surplus

A

1984

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41
Q

What is the 1986 set aside measure

A

A payment open to farmers voluntarily to set land aside they won’t farm on

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42
Q

What happened in 1988

A

Extensification rolling back how farming has intensified, tried to reduce livestock in each farm, and stop fertilisers

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43
Q

What is the global feeling for CaP in the late 1980’s

A

The policy is having a detrimental effect, distorting the efffecf that food exports have

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44
Q

Where did CAP effect the local farming community in the late 1980’s

A

Languedoc France

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45
Q

In Languedoc what was the main or most important industry

A

Wine production

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46
Q

Why did the government want to remove vineyards in languedoc

A

Over supply of wine, riots between wine farmers and police

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47
Q

Where did pressure come for CaP to reform

A

Both internal and external

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48
Q

In the 90’s how much did the Iberian workforce increase by

A

18%

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49
Q

What challenges did Portugal and Spain bring to CAP

A

Increase in a third of agricultural land that the policy now has to deal with

50
Q

What negative effects does the decrease of agriculture and the rise of surplus have

A

De industrialisation and unemployment

51
Q

What do New member states into the EU challenge

A

Different ideas of Europe,

Concern with what the CaP actually does

52
Q

Where are economic advantages felt

A

In the larger farms, small farm holder are often the ones who did the less damage

53
Q

How much of he funds went to the largest farms

A

80%

54
Q

What does intensification of farming bring

A

Destruction of habitat and nature

55
Q

What is the GATT

A

General agreement of tariffs and trade

56
Q

Which country has more liberal approaches to agricultural

A

Cairns group Chile Argentina and New Zealand,

57
Q

Who was in charge of the main CAP reform

A

Mac Sharry

58
Q

How did Macsharry convince states of a reform

A

Said that there are aspects that the stage would benefit from

59
Q

What did macsharry do with the media to increase development of CAP

A

Leak information on the media, eg France

60
Q

What cuts in CAP were seen in the 90’s

A

35% cereals and 15% beef

61
Q

What were cereal prices brought down to in 1992

A

Normal world market levels

62
Q

How much of land must farmers set aside

A

15%

63
Q

How did farmers get compensatory payment cuts

A

Have to set aside 15% of land

64
Q

What quotas were introduced after 92

A

Livestock

65
Q

What payments were also

brought in to accompany farmers wages

A

Environmental and forestry regulation

66
Q

What did the forestry regulation aim to do

A

Get farmers to plant trees within their land

67
Q

What had the strongest triangles of interest in agriculture

A

Sugar and diary

68
Q

What was the scheme after the macsharry reforms

A

Greening the CAP

69
Q

What were payments given to farmers for

A

Long term set aside of land, farmers who did this actually produced incredible ecological results

70
Q

How many years did land need to be set aside for for nature conservation

A

20 years

71
Q

What did the greening of the CaP see?

A

Habitats improvement, organic farming

72
Q

What was one of the biggest polluters with CaP

A

Nitrates from soils and fertilisers

73
Q

Were GATT happy with the macsharry reforms

A

Yes but wanted more steps

74
Q

What is the first pillar

A

Commodity regimes

75
Q

What is the second pillar

A

Agri environment schemes

76
Q

Out of the new 10 Eu countries in 2004 which had the most workforce in agriculture

A

Lithuania and Poland

77
Q

What did CAP develop into

A

CARP, common agricultural and rural policy

78
Q

What were the challenges brought by new EU countries

A

Mixed farming

79
Q

What does CARP focus on

A

Competitiveness of agriculture, diversification of rural economy,
New governance arrangements in rural areas

80
Q

When was the most recent CAP reform

A

2014

81
Q

What were the biggest concerns with the 2014 CAP reform

A

Food security concerns, change in dietary habits,

82
Q

What policy structure is normally applied to CAP

A

Intergovernmental bargaining

83
Q

What are the 2 historic values that make farmers different

A

Farmers have special interests and needs not met through normal markets, and that agriculture makes a vital contribution to broader national interests and goals

84
Q

What did swinbank say about the policy of the commission

A

They must trailer its policy to farmser predjudice if they want success

85
Q

How much of europe is agricultural land

A

50.5% brouwer and Lowe

86
Q

What was the core of the CAP in the treaty of rome

A

increase food production brouwer and lowe

87
Q

When was environmental challenges first aknowledged i CAP policy

A

Macsharry reforms

88
Q

What legal requirment to integrate environmental protection into farming came in 1987

A

The single European act, strengthened by maastrict treaty

89
Q

What were the main goals of the 5th Envrionmental action programme in 1992

A

reduce chemical impacts, to acheive a balance between nutrient inputs and absorbsion

90
Q

What impact do cattle have on our envrionmenment

A

damage to air soil and water quality

91
Q

Where are most cattle farms found in england

A

on less favoured areas due to poor soil quality

92
Q

Why can beef cattle be seen as important in agriculture

A

they are better at living of poorer soils, so help to cultivate areas of poort growth

93
Q

Why might sheep be better to protect habitats than cattle on moorlands

A

cattle trample heathers

94
Q

What are headage payments

A

payment per number of animal farmed

95
Q

What are examples of livestock headage payments

A

SucklerCowPremium, BeefSpecialPremium, and SheepAnnualPremium

96
Q

in 1991 what percentage of spending was on headage payments in the beef sector

A

17% rose to 64% in 1996

97
Q

What stocking densities were added to CAP

A

Provided a limit for the amount of livestock units per hectare

98
Q

In 1997 how many BSP’s were payed to farmers

A

195,000 alone brouwer and lowe

99
Q

What did grant say about the CAP

A

Remarkably insulated

100
Q

What is still the first and foremost role of European agriculture

A

To supply food

101
Q

What is the percentage spending on CAP 2014-20

A

35%

102
Q

What has been the view of the European Parliament in CAP policy

A

It’s a marginal player

103
Q

Wha have studies of the greening process been focuses on

A

Focussed on its outcomes rather than assessment of public significance of underlying trade

104
Q

According to borrell and Hubbard what is the most distorting agricultural policy in world trade

A

The CAP

105
Q

What has the EU switched from

A

Being a large importer of agricultural products to exporter

106
Q

Compared to world levels how high are Eu prices set

A

The highest

107
Q

Where do subsides usually come from in CAP

A

The tax payer

108
Q

How much does CaP raise farmers incomes a year?

A

70billion

109
Q

How much are important EU products boosted by?

A

More than 50%

110
Q

Which sectors has CAP helped enlarge the most

A

Grain and milk

111
Q

How did Eu lower world prices

A

Dumping of surplus stock on the global markets

112
Q

What impact do non Eu farmers have due to Eu surplus dumping

A

Have to scale back production, less income

113
Q

Due to the EU how much are dairy exports down in Canada and US

A

70%

114
Q

What impact did the EU have on diary in New Zealand and australia

A

Kept produce in those countries, stopped exporting

115
Q

Due to the EU why other sectors have expanded

A

Mining

116
Q

What cost does the EU cap have to the world economy a year

A

75 billion

117
Q

How much subsides do Mauritians get as payment from Cap

A

200million

118
Q

How much of Mauritius sugar production gets subsidies

A

Over 70%

119
Q

If there was no Cap and there was trade liberalisation how much would World prices rise by

A

38%

120
Q

Who now is in charge of disicin making for the EU

A

Member states

121
Q

What was envrionmental protection been seen as in CAP

A

a luxury

Year 2 Political (9 decks)

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