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1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy > 7- The autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

7- The autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.

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2
Q

What are some of the physical symptoms of anxiety?

A

Racing heart
Heavy breathing
Sweating
Dry mouth

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central nervous system (brain and spinal

2. Peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system split into?

A
  1. The somatic nervous system

2. The autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Controls external actions of skin and muscles

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6
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Controls internal actions of organs and glands

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7
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be split into?

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

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8
Q

What are somatic motors?

A

Efferent fibres travelling TO the striated (skeletal) muscle

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9
Q

What are somatic sensory pathway?

A

afferent fibres COMING from receptors

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10
Q

How many spinal nerve do we have?

A

31

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11
Q

What type of reaction results from the autonomic nervous system?

A

A largely involuntary reaction

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12
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system monitor?

A

Monitors conditions in the internal environment to maintain homeostasis

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is a dynamic balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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14
Q

What is that parasympathetic nerve system describes as?

A

‘Rest and digest’

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15
Q

What is that sympathetic nerve system describes as?

A

‘Fight or flight’

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16
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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17
Q

From which branch of the ANS do most visceral organs receive information from?

A

Most visceral organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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18
Q

What type of effect to the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have on each other?

A

They Exert an antagonistic effects

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19
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system sustain?

A

Sustains normal bodily functions

Conserves and restores energy

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20
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system prepare us for?

A

Prepares the body for stress

Produces effects most apparent during stress or excitemen

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21
Q

What do visceral organs send?

A

motor efferent neurones

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22
Q

What do visceral organs receive?

A

general sensory afferents neurones

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23
Q

What are autonomic (visceral) motor fibres and where do they go?

A

They are efferent fibres that travel to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle or glands

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24
Q

What are autonomic (visceral) sensory fibres and where do they come form?

A

They are afferent fibres from sensory receptors in an internal organ

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25
Q

Where is the lateral grey horn present?

A

Between the levels of:
T1-L2
S2-S4

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26
Q

From where do visceral motor neurones exit the spinal cord?

A

Via the lateral grey horn

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27
Q

How many neurones makes up the efferent system of the autonomic nervous system?

A

2 neurone chain

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28
Q

Name the 2 neurones involved in transmitting efferent signals in the ANS

A
  1. Preganglionic neurone

2. Postganglionic neurone

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29
Q

Where is the preganglionic neurone that transmits efferent signals in the ANS found?

A

Somewhere in the CNS (Either the brainstem or spinal cord)

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30
Q

Where is the postganglionic neurone that transmits efferent signals in the ANS found?

A

Somewhere in the PNS

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31
Q

Why are the Preganglionic neurone and Postganglionic neurone given these name?

A

Because they synapse at the autonomic ganglion

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32
Q

Where is the autonomic ganglion found?

A

In the PNS

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33
Q

Where is sympathetic outflow coming from ?

A

Comes from the levels T1-L2 (Thoracolumbar outflow)

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34
Q

Where is parasympathetic outflow coming from ?

A

Brainstem: cranial nerves III,VII, IX, X

Spinal cord: S2-S4

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35
Q

Describe the structure if the sympathetic nervous system

A

Organised ganglia in sympathetic chain, and prevertebral ganglia

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36
Q

Where are the ganglia located In the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Near the effector organ

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37
Q

Compare the sizes of the pre and post ganglionic efferent neurones in the sympathetic nervous system,

A

Short preganglionic neurone

Long post ganglionic neurones

38
Q

Compare the sizes of the pre and post ganglionic efferent neurones in the PARAsympathetic nervous system,

A

Long preganglionic neurone

Short post ganglionic neurones

39
Q

What type of effect does the sympathetic nervous system have?

A

A widespread effect

40
Q

What type of effect does the PARAsympathetic nervous system have?

A

A localised effect

41
Q

Which cranial nerve can the preganglionic neurone travel through in the parasympathetic pathway ?

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

42
Q

Where does the preganglionic neurone travel through it originated from the sacral spinal cordin the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Will travel in spinal nerves 2, 3 or 4

43
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

44
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical that is released by a neurone at the site of synapse
It is received by another neurone or organ it it exerts an effect on this neurone or organ

45
Q

What is the ratio of preganglionic to postgagnlionic neurones in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

1pre :1post

46
Q

What allows us to have a localised effect from the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The fact that there is a ratio of 1 preganglionic to 1 postganglionic neurone

47
Q

Name the 3rd cranial nerve

A

Oculomotor nerve

48
Q

Where does 3rd cranial nerve deliver parasympathetic fibres to?

A

The pupils

49
Q

What action does the 3rd cranial nerve do in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Constricts the pupils

50
Q

Name the 7th cranial nerve

A

The facial nerve

51
Q

Where does 7th cranial nerve deliver parasympathetic fibres to?

A

To salivary and lacrimal glands

52
Q

What action does the 7th cranial nerve do in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Increases salivation

53
Q

Name the 9th cranial nerve

A

The Glossopharyngeal nerve

54
Q

Where does 9th cranial nerve deliver parasympathetic fibres to?

A

To salivary glands

55
Q

What action does the 9th cranial nerve do in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Increases salivation

56
Q

Name the 10th cranial nerve

A

The vagus nerve

57
Q

Where does 10th cranial nerve deliver parasympathetic fibres to?

A

To cardiac, pulmonary and digestive system

58
Q

What action does the 10th cranial nerve do in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Decrease HR
Constricts the bronchi
Increase digestive function

59
Q

Which cranial nerve is the main parasympathetic nerve of the viscera of the trunk

A

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

60
Q

Which parasympathetic nerves come our of the spinal cord?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

61
Q

Which organs are supplied by the Pelvic splanchnic nerves ?

A

The large intestine
The bladder
The reproductive organs

62
Q

What effect the parasympathetic nervous system have on the bladder?

A

Allows urination

63
Q

What effect the parasympathetic nervous system have on the reproductive organs?

A

Causes arousal

64
Q

What is the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoraco-lumbar origin

T1-L2 spinal segments

65
Q

What neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neurone release?

A

Acetylecholine

66
Q

What neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neurone release?

A

noradrenaline/ norepinephrine (to the target organ

67
Q

Where does the pre ganglionic neurone synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

In the sympathetic chain

68
Q

Which gland on the sympathetic nervous system does not receive the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

A

The sweat glands

69
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system have a widespread effect?

A

Because there’s a 1 pre: many post ganglionic ratio

70
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A

It is an Interconnected chain of autonomic ganglia

71
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk located?

A

either side of the entire vertebral column (paravertebral)

72
Q

What happens at the sympathetic trunk?

A

It is the site of synapse between sympathetic pre-ganglionic and post ganglionic neurons

73
Q

What is special about the chain nature of the sympathetic trunk?

A

It allows for sympathetic signals to be sent Above and below the levels of T1-L2
This allows for information to go into the head and neck area or below to the pelvic area

74
Q

Where do al preganglioninc fibres leave the spinal cord?

A

In segmental spinal nerves T1-L2 ONLY

75
Q

What effect do sympathetic fibres have on the salivary glands?

A

Inhibits salivation

76
Q

What effect do sympathetic fibres have on the pupil?

A

Dilates them

77
Q

What effect do sympathetic fibres have on the heart?

A

Increases HR

78
Q

What effect do sympathetic fibres have on the lungs?

A

Causes bronchodilation

79
Q

What effect do sympathetic fibres have on the digestive system?

A

Decreases digestion

80
Q

What effect do sympathetic fibres have on the bladder?

A

Prevent urination

81
Q

What effect do sympathetic fibres have on sexual organs?

A

Prevents sexual arousal

82
Q

What are the 3 things the preganglionic neurone can do in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

1 .It can synapse at entry level of the paravertebral (sympathetic) ganglia
2. It can Pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing – to synapse in prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
3 It can Ascend or descend in the trunk to synapse in the trunk

83
Q

How do we sense changes in the viscera in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Via autonomic (visceral) sensory

84
Q

What are autonomic (visceral) sensory fibres?

A

They are afferent fibres from sensory receptors in an internal organ, glands and blood vessels

85
Q

From where do afferent fibres enter the spinal cord?

A

Via the dorsal root to enter the dorsal grey horn

86
Q

What causes referred pain?

A

Both somatic sensory afferents and visceral afferent enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root and horn
As info is coming in the same place the brain may not be able to differentiate where the signal is coming from (the skin or organ?)

87
Q

Name the different levels of the ANS

A

cerebral hypothalamus -> Brainstem centres -> Spinal cord centres

88
Q

What is the cerebrum in charge of?

A

Overall it is in charge of emotional responses

89
Q

What are the brainstem centres in charge of?

A

Overall it is in charge of the regulation of the autonomic nervous system

90
Q

What is the Hypothalamus in charge of?

A

Regulates cardiovascular respirator and swallowing functions

91
Q

What are the Spinal cord centres in charge of?

A

urination, defaecation, erection, ejaculation

1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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