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1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy > 3- Blood Supply and Meninges > Flashcards

3- Blood Supply and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the total body weight is made up by the brain?

A

2%

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2
Q

What percentage of total oxygen inspired does the brain consume ?

A

20%

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3
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Decreased blood supply to the brain over a long period of time

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4
Q

How common is a stroke in over 65s?

A

1 in 100

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5
Q

What are the 2 pairs of arteries that supply the brain called?

A
  1. Vertebral artery

2. Internal carotid artery

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6
Q

What is the vertebral artery a branch of?

A

The subclavian artery

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7
Q

What joins the vertebral and Internal carotid arteries?

A

The circle of Willis at the base of the brain

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8
Q

Where does the vertebral artery ascend?

A

Ascend in the neck through transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae
Enters the skull the skull via the foramen magnum

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9
Q

What do the vertebral arteries do once they enter the skull?

A

They fuse forming the Basilar artery

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10
Q

The Internal carotid artery is a branch of what?

A

Our common carotid artery

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11
Q

How does the internal common carotid artery enter the skull?

A

Via the carotid canal

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12
Q

Name the branches of the vertebral artery that supply the spinal cord

A

Anterior spinal artery

Posterior spinal artery

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13
Q

When are the anterior and posterior branches formed?

A

Prior to the vertebral arteries fusing in the skull

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14
Q

What does the vertebral artery branch into prior to fusing?

A
  1. The anterior spinal artery
  2. The posterior spinal artery
  3. The posteriors inferior cerebellar artery
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15
Q

What does The posteriors inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

The posteriors inferior cerebellum

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16
Q

What does the basilar artery branch into?

A
  1. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
  2. Pontine artery
  3. Superior cerebellar arteries
  4. Posterior cerebral artery
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17
Q

What does The Anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

The anterior inferior cerebellum

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18
Q

What does the pontine artery supply?

A

Supply the pons

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19
Q

What does the superior cerebellar artery supply?

A

the superior aspect of the cerebellum

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20
Q

Why is the posterior cerebral artery called the instead of cerebellar?

A

Because it goes to the back of the cerebrum

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21
Q

Name the branches of the internal common carotid artery

A
  1. Middle cerebral artery

2. Anterior cerebral arteryW

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22
Q

What forms the circle of Willis?

A

The closing of the middle and anterior cerebral arteries into a circle

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23
Q

Name the 3 pairs of cerebral arteries

A

Post. Cerebral
Middle Cerebral
Ant. Cerebral

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24
Q

Name the 3 pairs of cerebellar arteries

A

Post. Inf . Cerebellar
Ant. Inf. Cerebellar
Sup. Cerebellar

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25
Q

What does the circle of willis do?

A

Interconnects the internal carotid and vertebral – basilar system

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26
Q

What does the circle of willis surround?

A

Surrounds optic chiasm and hypothalamus

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27
Q

What does the circle of willis ensure?

A

Ensures that blood flow doesn’t decrease if any of the arteries are blocked

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28
Q

What is a berry Aneurysm?

A

Abnormal dilations around the circle of Willis or at the points of arterial branching within the brain

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29
Q

What can Berry Aneurysms cause?

A

If they rupture they can lead to a vascular stroke

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30
Q

What percentage of strokes are caused by berry aneurysms?

A

10%

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31
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supply ?

A
  1. Superior and medial areas of frontal and parietal lobes

2. Corpus callosum

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32
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery (MCA) supply ?

A

Lateral areas of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes

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33
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply ?

A

Occipital lobe

Inferior and medial surface of temporal lobe

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34
Q

Which artery is affected if their is a lesion in the primary auditory cortex

A

MCA

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35
Q

Which artery is affected if their is a lesion in the primary visual cortex

A

PCA as it is in the occipital lobe

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36
Q

What are deep/perforating arteries?

A

Other smaller beached off the arterial circle

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37
Q

What are is another name for the deep arteries?

A

Striate arteries (delicate)

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38
Q

What do deep/ perforating/ striated arteries supply?

A
  1. Deep nuclei
  2. Deep grey matter
  3. Internal capsule
  4. Supply Includes major descending motor pathway
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39
Q

What is the internal capsule

A

Made up of white matter

It Is the major fibre bundle to and from cerebral cortex

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40
Q

If their was an injury to any of the striate arteries what could happen

A

You might experience some motor deficits

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41
Q

Where is all the blood from the brain drained into?

A

The internal jugular veins

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42
Q

What are meninges?

A

Protecting airbags

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43
Q

How many layers of meninges do we have and what are they called?

A

We have 3 layers:

  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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44
Q

What do the meninges cover?

A

The central nervous system:

The brain and spinal cord

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45
Q

What is the first layer of meninges called?

A

Dura mater

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46
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

It is a tough fibrous layer that surrounds and protects the brain

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47
Q

Name the meninges under the dura mater

A

The arachnoid mater

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48
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

It is shiny and translucent
It is thin and delicate
Spider weblike
Very vascular

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49
Q

What is the inner most later of meninges called?

A

The Pia mater

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50
Q

Describe the Pia mater

A

It is very thin
It is tightly applied into the surface of the brain and cervix of the spinal cord
Cant really be separated

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51
Q

What path does the Pia mater follow?

A

Follows the cortex of the brain and follows the sulk and gyri of the brain

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52
Q

What is special about the dura mater?

A

It has 2 layers:
The outer periosteal layer of dura
The Inner meningeal layer of dura

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53
Q

What is the outer periosteal layer of the dura?

A

It is firmly attached to the bone of the skull

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54
Q

What is the inner meningeal layer of the dura?

A

It is firmly attached to the arachnoid

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55
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid and Pia called?

A

The Subarachnoid space

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56
Q

What is found in the Subarachnoid space?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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57
Q

Are both the layers of the dura mater attached to each other?

A

Yes apart from at certain points

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58
Q

What do the 2 layers of dura allows

A

For dural infoldings (partitions) only at specific areas

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59
Q

What forms as a result of dural infoldings?

A

A space between the outer and inner layer of the dura mater called a dural sinus

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60
Q

What are found in the dural sinuses?

A

Venous blood

61
Q

Which dural infolding separates the 2 hemispheres?

A

The Faix cerebri

62
Q

What can happen if a vessel in the brain bursts?

A

Can suffer from a haemorrhage

63
Q

What happens an artery bursts between the periosteal layer and the skull?

A

The patient can suffer from a Epidural haemorrhage (hematoma)

64
Q

The bursting of which artery can lead to an epidural haemorrhage?

A

A torn meningeal artery

65
Q

What happens a blood vessel bursts between the meningeal dura and the arachnoid?

A

Accumulation of blood causing a subdural haemorrhage

66
Q

The bursting of which vessel can lead to a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Torn bridging vessels

67
Q

What happens a blood vessel bursts in the subarachnoid space

A

Accumulation of blood causing a subarachnoid haemorrhage

68
Q

The bursting of which vessel can lead to a Subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Torn cerebral arteries

69
Q

Where is the Falx cerebri found?

A

Between the cerebral hemispheres

70
Q

Where is the Tentorium cerebelli found?

A

between occipital lobes and cerebellum

71
Q

Name some sinuses found in the brain?

A
  1. Superior sagittal sinus
  2. Transverse sinus
  3. Inferior sagittal sinus
72
Q

Where are Dural Venous Sinuses found?

A

Located within the dural infoldings

73
Q

Where do dural venous sinuses receive blood from?

A

Little superficial veins

74
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus empty blood into?

A

To the confluence of sinuses

75
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus empty blood into?

A

The straight sinus

76
Q

Where do Deep veins empty blood into?

A

The great cerebral vein and the straight sinus

77
Q

Once in the straight sinus where does all the blood go?

A

Into the. confluence of sinus

78
Q

Once in the confluence of sinuses where does all the blood go?

A

Into the transverse sinus

79
Q

What does our transverse sinus become?

A

The sigmoid sinus

80
Q

Where does the sigmoid sinus drain blood into?

A

Our internal jugular veins

81
Q

Briefly describe the pathway of venous drainage starting at the superficial veins

A
  1. Superficial veins
  2. Superior sagittal sinus
  3. Confluence of sinuses
  4. Transverse sinuses
  5. Sigmoid sinus
  6. Internal jugular veins
82
Q

Briefly describe the pathway of venous drainage starting at the deep veins

A
  1. Deep veins
  2. Internal cerebral veins
  3. Straight sinus
  4. Confluence of sinuses
  5. Transverse sinuses
  6. Sigmoid sinus
  7. Internal jugular veins
83
Q

Name the 3 meninges of the spill cord

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia
84
Q

What is found between the dura and the vertebrae (SPINAL CORD)?

A

The epidural space occupied by fat

85
Q

What is found in the sub arachnid space?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

86
Q

What is the pia firmly attached to in the spinal cord?

A

The cord

87
Q

What projects out of the Pia?

A

Denticulate ligaments

88
Q

What do Denticulate ligaments

do?

A

They anchor the spinal cord

89
Q

What is found in our ventricular system?

A

Fluid filled cavities

90
Q

Name the 5 ventricles in out brain?

A
  1. Lateral ventricle
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Cerebral aqueduct
  4. Fourth ventricle
  5. Central canal
91
Q

What does the central canal make upon an adult brain?

A

he ventricular system as it fils up with fluid

92
Q

What connects our lateral ventricle to our third ventricle?

A

The interventricular foramen

foramen of Monroe

93
Q

What connects our 4th ventricle to our 3rd ventricle?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

94
Q

What connects our 4th ventricle to the rest of the subarachnoid space?

A

2 Lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)

and a Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)

95
Q

What does the lateral ventricle follow?

A

The shape of the brain

96
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

Between the 2 thalami

97
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

Between the pons and the cerebellum

98
Q

Why are ventricles formed in the brain?

A

due to the enormous growth and distortion an elaborate system of ventricles are formed.

99
Q

What do ventricle develop as?

A

dilations from the central canal of the embryological neural tube

100
Q

Name the 4 ventricles that make up the brain

A

2 x lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle:
4th ventricle:

101
Q

Where are the 2 lateral ventricles located?

A

one within each cerebral hemispheres. Follow c-shape of hemispheres.

102
Q

What do the ventricles all contain?

A

Contain choroid plexus which produce CSF

103
Q

What allows CSF to escape the ventricular system and where does it go?

A

Series of apertures allow CSF to escape ventricular system into subarachnoid space

104
Q

Briefly describe the schematic view of the ventricular system

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Interventricular foramen
  3. 3rd ventricle
  4. Cerebral aquaduct
  5. 4th ventricle
  6. Lateral and median apertures
  7. Subbarachnoid space
105
Q

Describe Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

it is a clear and colourless solution

106
Q

What is CSF derived from and where is it made?

A

The blood

Produced in ventricles by specialised areas of ventricular lining: choroid plexus

107
Q

What is CSF contain?

A

Contains glucose and inorganic salts, little protein, few cells.

108
Q

What does CSF fill?

A

Fills subarachnoid space and ventricular system of brain.

109
Q

Why is the CSF important?

A

It Provides physical protection and chemical stability for CNS

110
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

The choroid plexus

in each ventricle

111
Q

Which cells filtrate blood an produces CSF?

A

Ependyma cells

112
Q

Describe the path CSF takes

A
  1. Lateral ventricle
  2. Foramina of Monroe
  3. Third ventricle
  4. Cerebral aquaduct
  5. Fourth ventricle
  6. Foramina of Luschka and Magendie
  7. Sub arachnid space
  8. Reabsorbd into sinuses
113
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed into the sinuses?

A

Via the arachnoid granulations (villi)

114
Q

What are arachnoid granulations (villi)?

A

extensions of arachnoid matter into dural sinuses

predominantly the superior sagittal sinus

115
Q

What happens if we have a blockage in the CFS drainage system?

A

More CSF will produced than drained leading to build CSF

This results in hydrocephalus

116
Q

What can hydrocephalus cause?

A

Build up pressure in the skull

117
Q

what can hydrocephalus cause in children?

A

Expansion of the skull as pressure builds up in the brain

118
Q

What do doctors do to try and treat Hydrocephalus?

A

They insert a needle into the ventricles to remove some of the CSF liquid and hope to reduce pressure in the skull

119
Q

How much CSF is produced daily?

A

About 500ml/day.

120
Q

What are the 4 functions of CSF?

A
  1. Buoyancy: Brain and spinal cord float to reduce traction
  2. Cushioning effect to dampen trauma
  3. Transport of substances: Nutrients, dissolved gasses, removal of metabolites
  4. Provides stable environment
121
Q

What supplies the Inferior and medial surface of temporal lobe?

A

The posterior cerebral arteries

122
Q

What is the epidural space occupied by?

A

Fat

123
Q

Through which foramen does the vertebral artery enter the skull?

A

The foramen magnum

124
Q

What do the anterior and posterior spinal arteries supply?

A

The spinal cord

125
Q

What supplies the Superior and medial areas of frontal and parietal lobes?

A

The anterior cerebral artery

126
Q

What supplies the Lateral areas of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes?

A

The middle cerebral arteries

127
Q

What supplies the posteriors inferior cerebellum?

A

The posteriors inferior cerebellar artery

128
Q

What supplies the Anterior inferior cerebellum?

A

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

129
Q

What supplies the pons?

A

The pontine arteries

130
Q

What empties blood to the straight sinus?

A

The inferior sagittal sinus and the deep veins

131
Q

What is the space between the occipital loves and the cerebellum called?

A

The Tentorium cerebelli

132
Q

What supplies the superior aspect of the cerebellum?

A

The superior cerebellar artery

133
Q

Name the clinical condition associated with Abnormal dilations around the circle of Willis?

A

Berry aneurysm

134
Q

What is the space between the cerebral hemispheres called?

A

The Falx cerebri

135
Q

What supplies the Corpus callosum?

A

The anterior cerebral artery

136
Q

What causes 10% of vascular strokes?

A

Berry aneurysms

137
Q

What supplies the Occipital lobe?

A

The posterior cerebral arteries

138
Q

What is the Subarachnoid space?

A

The space between the arachnoid and pia

139
Q

What is a dural sinus?

A

Space between the inner and outer dura mater formed due to dural infoldings

140
Q

What empties blood to the confluence of sinuses?

A

The superior sagittal sinus

141
Q

What empties blood into the great cerebral vein?

A

Deep veins

142
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space between the dura and vertebrae in the spinal cord

143
Q

What are Denticulate ligaments?

A

They are projections from the pia that anchor the spinal cord

144
Q

What is the foramen of Monroe?

A

An intraventricular foramen that connect the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle

145
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

It connects our 3rd ventricle to our 4th ventricle

146
Q

What does the choroid plexus produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

147
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

When there is a blockage somewhere in the CSF drainage system resulting in more CSF being produced than reabsorbed

148
Q

What does CSF stand for?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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