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1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy > 1- Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

1- Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

State some of the functions of the nervous

A
  1. To detect changes in both the external and internal environment
  2. To receive sensory input
  3. To relay information and analyse it
  4. To initiate appropriate responses
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2
Q

What are neurones?

A

They are the most basic unit of the nervous system

They are cells

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3
Q

What is the role of neurones?

A

To convey information via electrical signals

It receives, integrates and transmits electrical information

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4
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurones?

A
  1. Afferent/sensory
  2. Efferent/ Motor
  3. Interneurones
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5
Q

Describe afferent neurones

A

They carry electrical information from the receptors to the CNS
(Brings input to the CNS)

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6
Q

Describe efferent neurones

A

They carry electrical information from the CNS to the peripheral effectors

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7
Q

Describe interneurones

A

Found only in the CNS

They link the afferent neurones with the efferent ones

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8
Q

Describe the cell body of neurones

A

Inside the cell body there is a nucleus which all the cells organs

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9
Q

What makes neurones different to other cells?

A
  1. They have dendrites

2. It has an Axon

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10
Q

Describe dendrites

A

They are projections fro the cell body that receive information

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11
Q

Describe axons

A

It is in-charge of sending information the cell body receives to the other neurones

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12
Q

What is a synapse

A

This is where neurone 1 meets neurone 2

It is where 2 neurones communicate

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13
Q

What is the neurone before the synapse called?

A

Pre synaptic cells

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14
Q

What is the post synaptic cell

A

The neurone after the synapse

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15
Q

What happens at the synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neurone

These neurotransmitters are picked up by the post synaptic neurone

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16
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers that send electrical signals to the post synaptic neurone

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17
Q

What is the Nervous system split into?

A
  1. The central nervous system

2. The peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Only the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What can the peripheral nervous system be slit into?

A
  1. The somatic nervous system

2. The autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

It controls the external actions of skin and muscle

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21
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

It controls internal activities of the organs and glands

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22
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be further split into?

A
  1. The sympathetic nervous system

2. The parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

Define the term anterior

A

Anything towards the front of the body

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24
Q

Define the term ventral

A

Anything towards the front of the body

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25
Q

Define the term posterior

A

Anything towards the back of the body

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26
Q

Define the term dorsal

A

Anything towards the back of the body

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27
Q

Define the term rostral

A

Towards the head (Above)

Synonymous with superior

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28
Q

Define the term caudal

A

Towards the feet/ tail (below)

Synonymous with inferior

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29
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

An imaginary plane dividing the body into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (Anterior) parts

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30
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

An imaginary plane dividing the body into left and right sides

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31
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

An imaginary dividing line that separates the superior and inferior sections of the body

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32
Q

What does the CNS develop from?

A

A neurone tube that develops a bend at the superior rostral part of the head

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33
Q

In the brain what is dorsal synonymous with after the bend forms?

A

Superior

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34
Q

In the brain what is ventral synonymous with after the bend forms?

A

Inferior

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35
Q

In the brain what is posterior synonymous with after the bend forms?

A

Caudal

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36
Q

In the brain what is rostral synonymous with after the bend forms?

A

Anterior

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37
Q

Describe the cerebrum in the brain

A

The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex as well as several subcortical structures

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38
Q

What are some of the sub divisions of the CNS?

A
  1. The cerebrum
  2. The brain stem
  3. The cerebellum
  4. The spinal cord
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39
Q

What can the cerebrum be divided into?

A

The outer brain (Telencephalon)

The inner brain (Diencephalon)

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40
Q

What can the outer brain also be called?

A

Telencephalon

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41
Q

What can the inner brain also be called?

A

Diencephalon

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42
Q

What can the brainstem be further divided into

A 
The midbrain (top portion)
Pons (middle brown portion)
Medulla oblongata (inferior part)
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43
Q

What is the role of the brain stem?

A

Links our brain to the spinal cord

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44
Q

What is the medulla oblongata directly connected to?

A

The spinal cord

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45
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

Is translates to the ‘small brain’

It is found at the back below the cerebrum

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46
Q

Describe how the CNS forms in the embryo

A

As a hollow straight tube

It forms 3 swellings and a bend at the rostral end

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47
Q

What are the 3 swellings that develop in the hollow tube in utero responsible for?

A

They are responsible for developing into the different parts of the brain

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48
Q

What are the 3 swellings that develop in the hollow tube in utero called?

A
  1. The forebrain (Prosencephalon)
  2. The midbrain (Mesencephalon)
  3. The hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
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49
Q

What is another name for the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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50
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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51
Q

What is another name for the hindbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon

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52
Q

Anything at the caudal end of the tube develops to form what?

A

The spinal cord

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53
Q

What does the central canal develop into?

A

It remains and develops into expansion fluid

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54
Q

What happens once the first 3 swellings have formed in the embryo?

A

These 3 swellings become 5 swellings

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55
Q

What are the 5 new swellings that form after the first 3 swellings called?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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56
Q

What does the Prosencephalon (forebrain) swelling turn into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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57
Q

What does the diencephalon give rise to?

A

Our optic vessels

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58
Q

What does the Mesencephalon (middle brain) swelling turn into?

A

Stays the same

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59
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon (hind brain) swelling turn into?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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60
Q

What does the telencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?

A

The cerebral hemisphere

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61
Q

What does the Diencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?

A

The Diencephalon

ie the thalamus and hypothalamus ect

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62
Q

What does the Mesencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?

A

The midbrain

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63
Q

What does the Metencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?

A

The pons

The cerebellum

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64
Q

What does the Myelencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?

A

The medulla oblongata

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65
Q

Summarise the 5 steps involved in forming the central nervous system

A
  1. Adult CNS from hollow neural tube.
  2. Five swellings develop at rostral end.
  3. Each forms a subdivision of adult brain.
  4. Rest of tube forms spinal cord.
  5. Cavity of tube persists in different degrees of expansion throughout tube
66
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A
  1. Cell bodies

2. Points of synapses

67
Q

What is white matter matter made up of?

A

Axons and Tracts

68
Q

Whta is the brain divided into?

A

The left and right hemisphere

69
Q

What actually separates the left and right hemisphere?

A

A longitudinal fissure

also known as the superior sagittal fissure

70
Q

What connects the right and left hemisphere?

A

The corpus callosum

71
Q

Describe the corpus callosum

A

It is a structure that connects the right hemisphere with the left
It is found deep in the brain
It is a huge band of white matter

72
Q

Where is the cerebellum formed?

A

Behind the brainstem and below the cerebral hemisphere

73
Q

What are the 4 lobes the brain is split into called?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
74
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

75
Q

What do the 12 cranial nerves supply?

A

Supplies the head and neck structures

76
Q

Why is the surface of the brain highly folded?

A

To increase the surface area

77
Q

What are the folds in the brain called?

A

A Gyrus

plural Gyri

78
Q

What are grooves in the brain called?

A

A Sulcus

plural sulci

79
Q

Where do we find grey matter?

A

Under the cerebral surface and deep in the brain

80
Q

What are found in the ‘empty’ spaces in the brain?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

CSF

81
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

The bones in our vertebral column

82
Q

What are the 4 main segments of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical Segment
  2. Thoracic Segment
  3. Lumbar Segment
  4. Sacral Segment
83
Q

How many bones make up our cerebral column?

84
Q

What are the different types of bone that make up our vertebral column?

A 
thoracic 
lumbar 
sacrem 
coxix 
cervical
85
Q

Does the spinal cord finish before or after the vertebral column?

86
Q

What do we have at the end of the vertebral column when the spinal cord ends ?

A

The cauda equina:

A lot of nerves at the bottom of our spinal cord

87
Q

How many segments can the spinal cord be split into after the 4 main ones?

88
Q

Roughly what are the main 31 segments of the spinal cord?

A 
8 Cervical (C1-C8)
12 Thoracic (T1-T12)
5 Lumbar (L1-L5)
5 Sacral (S1-S5)
1 coccygeal (Co1)
89
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves that form the 31 segments

90
Q

What does each spinal cord segment give rise to?

A

1 Pair of segmental spinal nerves

91
Q

What do the 31 pairs of spinal nerves form?

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

92
Q

Where is the white matter found in the spinal cord?

A

The outside

93
Q

Where is the grey matter found in the spinal cord?

A

The inside

94
Q

What can the grey matter in the spinal cord be divided into?

A

Into horns:

  1. The dorsal horn
  2. The lateral horn (T1-L2) (S2-S4)
  3. Ventral horn
95
Q

What does the dorsal horn of the GREY matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurones

96
Q

What does the lateral horn of the GREY matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Cell bodies ion our autonomic neurones

97
Q

What does the ventral horn of the GREY matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Cell bodies of motor neurones

98
Q

Where does the lateral horn only exist

A

At the T1-L2 level and the S2-S4 level

99
Q

What is white matter in the spinal cord divides into?

A

Columns:

  1. Dorsal white column
  2. Lateral white column
  3. Ventral white column
  4. Ventral white commisure
100
Q

What does the Dorsal white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Nerve axons responsible for bringing sensory fibres to the spinal cord

101
Q

What does the lateral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor fibres to the spinal cord

102
Q

What does the ventral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor and sensory fibres to the spinal cord

103
Q

What does the Ventral white commisure of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Allows communication between both halves of the spinal cord

104
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves

105
Q

What does the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system control?

A

Control external actions of the skin

106
Q

Which type of neurones carries electrical signals from the CNS to the peripeheral effectors?

A

Efferent/ Motor neurones

107
Q

Which secondary swelling gives rise to the cerebral hemisphere?

A

The telencephalon

108
Q

What are the fibres emerging from the spinal cord called?

109
Q

How many rootlets do we have?

A

2: The dorsal rootlet and ventral rootlet

110
Q

What do the the dorsal and ventral rootlet converge to form?

A

The dorsal and ventral root

111
Q

What is the dorsal root accompanied by?

A

The dorsal ganglion

112
Q

What does a ganglion contain?

A

Cell bodies

113
Q

When the dorsal and ventral root converge what do they form?

A

The segmental spinal nerve

114
Q

Describe the pathway of a somatic sensory neurone

A

They are afferent fibres

  1. They enter the spinal nerve
  2. Go through the dorsal root
  3. Synapse at the ganglion
  4. Connect to other neurones at the ganglion
  5. Enter the dorsal horn
115
Q

Describe the pathway of a somatic motor neurone

A

They are efferent fibres

  1. Start at the cns specifically from the ventral grey matter
  2. Goes through the ventral horn
  3. Passes the ventral root
  4. Goes to whichever muscle we want to control
116
Q

Where are inter neurones found?

A

In the CNS

117
Q

What do inter neurones do?

A

Link the sensory and motor neurone

118
Q

Describe the stages of a reflect arc

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Inter neurone in the CNS
Motor neurone
Effector
Response
119
Q

Why is the reflex arc important?

A

Allows us to give a quick response

120
Q

What forms the segmental spinal nerve?

A

The converging of the dorsal and ventral root

121
Q

What is the Mesencephalon?

A

The midbrain

122
Q

What is the inferior portion of the brainstem called?

A

The medulla oblongata

123
Q

Which initial swelling does the Telencephalon arise from?

A

The Prosencephalon (forebrain)

124
Q

What is the pre synaptic neurone?

A

The neurone before the synapse

125
Q

What is the middle portion of the brainstem called?

126
Q

Which secondary swelling gives rise to the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

127
Q

What is the Rhombencephalon?

A

The hindbrain

128
Q

Which neurone is only found in the CNS and what is its role there?

A

Interneurons

They link the afferent neurones with the efferent ones

129
Q

What is the Diencephalon?

A

The inner brain

130
Q

What Is the Prosencephalon?

A

The forebrain

131
Q

Which secondary swelling gives rise to the pons and cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

132
Q

What do Cell bodies and Points of synapses make up in the mature brain?

A

Grey matter

133
Q

Which type of neurones carries electrical signals from the receptors to the cns?

A

Afferent/ sensory neurones

134
Q

Which initial swelling does the Metencephalon arise from?

A

Rhombencephalon (Hind brain)

135
Q

Name the secondary vesicles in the neural tube that form the mature brain

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
136
Q

What is the neurone after the synapse called?

A

The post synaptic neurone

137
Q

Which secondary swelling gives rise to the medulla oblongata?

A

Myelencephalon

138
Q

What is the Telencephalon?

A

The outer brain

139
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

A groove that separates the left and right hemisphere

140
Q

What is the top portion of the brainstem called?

A

The midbrain

141
Q

Which initial swelling does the Myelencephalonarise from?

A

Rhombencephalon (hind brain)

142
Q

What allows for communication to occur between both halves of the spinal cord ?

A

the Ventral white commisure of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord

143
Q

What does the spinal cord develop from?

A

the caudal end of the hollow tube in utero

144
Q

What gives rise to our optic vessels?

A

The diencephalon

145
Q

What is found on the outside of the spinal cord?

A

White matter

146
Q

Where are the Cell bodies of sensory neurones found?

A

Dorsal horn of GREY matter in the spinal cord

147
Q

Where are Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor and sensory fibres to the spinal cord found?

A

the ventral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord

148
Q

Which initial swelling does the Diencephalonarise from?

A

The Prosencephalon (forebrain)

149
Q

Name the primary vesicles in the neural tube that form the mature brain

A
  1. The forebrain (Prosencephalon)
  2. The midbrain (Mesencephalon)
  3. The hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
150
Q

Which secondary swelling gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus ect?

A

The Diencephalon

151
Q

What do Axons and Tracts make up in the adult brain?

A

White matter

152
Q

Where are Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor fibres to the spinal cord found?

A

the lateral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal

153
Q

Where are the Cell bodies of our autonomic neurones found?

A

Lateral horn of GREY matter in the spinal cord

154
Q

What is the superior sagittal fissure?

A

A groove that separates the left and right hemisphere

155
Q

What is found behind the brainstem and below the cerebral hemisphere?

A

The cerebellum

156
Q

What are gyri?

A

A ridge or fold between on the cerebral surface in the brain.

157
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves in the brain

158
Q

What is found on the inside of the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

159
Q

Where are Cell bodies of motor neurones

A

Ventral horn of GREY matter in the spinal cord

160
Q

Where are Nerve axons responsible for bringing sensory fibres to the spinal cord found?

A

Dorsal white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord

1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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