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1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy > 6 – The Auditory Pathway > Flashcards

6 – The Auditory Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

Name cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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2
Q

What are the anatomical structures of the ear surrounded by?

A

The Squamous part of the temporal bone

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3
Q

What does squamous mean?

A

Flat

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4
Q

What is the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

It is the rough part of the temporal bone

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5
Q

What is the part of the skull where sound first enters the ear is called…?

A

The external auditory meatus (canal )

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6
Q

What is the anatomical term for canal>

A

Meatus

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7
Q

Where is the external auditory meatus (canal) located?

A

In the auditory canal

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8
Q

Where is the internal auditory meatus (canal) located?

A

In the petrous part of the temporal bone

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9
Q

What is the significance o the internal auditory canal?

A

It is the area where the auditory nerve enters the skill

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10
Q

Name the divisions of the ear

A
  1. External ear
  2. Middle ear
  3. Inner ear
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11
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

To receive sound waves

It is the first point of entry of sound waves

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12
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Sound waves are converted into mechanical waves here

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13
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Mechanical waves are converted into electrical impulses here

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14
Q

Where does the external ear start?

A

At the auricle

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15
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

It funnels sound waves into external auditory canal

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16
Q

Describe the lateral aspect of the external ear

A

The lateral 1/3rd is cartilaginous

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17
Q

Describe the medial aspect of the external ear

A

The medial 2/3rds is bony

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18
Q

Where are sound waves funnel to from the external auditory canal?

A

They are funnelled towards the tympanic membrane

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19
Q

What is the tympanic membrane known as?

A

The eardurm

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20
Q

Where does the tympanic membrane emit sound waved too?

A

The middle ear

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21
Q

Where does the middle ear begin?

A

From the tympanic membrane

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22
Q

Describe the middle ear

A

It is an air filled space in the petrous part of temporal bone

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23
Q

What does the middle ear communicate with?

A

Communicates with nasopharynx via Eustachian (auditory tube)

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24
Q

How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?

A

via Eustachian (auditory tube)

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25
Q

What is another name for the Eustachian tube?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube or auditory tube

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26
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

Contains ossicles:

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27
Q

Name the 3 ossicles found in the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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28
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

To vibrate to transmit sound

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29
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube?

A

Ventilation
Drains any fluid from the middle ear to the nasopharynx
Equalises pressure

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30
Q

Why are children more prone to getting a middle ear infection

A

In children the Eustachian tube is pretty much in line with the nasal cavity but as we age the tube becomes more vertical
So as a kid it is easier for infection to spread from one cavity to another

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31
Q

Why is the middle ear known as a high risk space?

A
  1. Connected to nasopharynx
  2. Connected to mastoid air cells
  3. Internal jugular vein lies inferior
  4. Internal carotid artery lies anterior
  5. Traversed by chorda tympani and facial canal
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32
Q

How does the fact the middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx make it a high risk space

A

Prone to infection

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33
Q

How does the fact the middle ear is connected to mastoid cells make it a high risk space

A

Means infection may spread to th middle cranial fossa

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34
Q

How does the fact the middle ear lies inferiorly to the internal jugular vein make it a high risk space

A

Increases the risk of thrombosis

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35
Q

How does the fact the middle ear lies anteriorly to the internal carotid artery make it a high risk space

A

Links to pulsatile tinnitus

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36
Q

How does the fact the middle ear is transferred by the chordates tympanic and facial canal make it a high risk space?

A

Increased risk of infection if the middle ear is infected the rest of the facial nerves can be affected

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37
Q

Where is the inner ear located?

A

Located in petrous part of temporal bone

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38
Q

What is the inner ear composed of?

A

Composed of 2 special sense organs :

  1. Vestibular system
  2. Cochlea
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39
Q

What is the vestibular system essential for?

A

For balance and equilibrium

40
Q

What is then vestibular system made up of?

A
  1. Vestibule

2. Semicircular canals (SCC)

41
Q

What is the cochlea system essential for?

A

Perceiving sound

42
Q

Describe the cochlea

A

It is a snail shaped structure and each section of the snail can detect different frequencies

43
Q

What can the cochlea detect?

A

Can detect frequencies ranging from 20 to 20,000 Hz

44
Q

What frequency does the apex of the snail detect?

A

Very low frequencies

45
Q

Which part of the cochlea detects higher frequencies?

A

The base of the snail structure

46
Q

Which nerve supplies our vestibule and cochlea?

A

Cranial nerve 8 Vestibulocochlear nerve

47
Q

Describe the inner ear

A

The petrous part of the temporal bone and it has a series of fluid filled cavities

48
Q

Name the fluid filled cavities in the inner ear

A 
The Bony (outer) labyrinth
The Membranous (inner) labyrinth
49
Q

What does the bony labyrinth of the inner ear contain?

A

Contains perilymph

50
Q

What is perilymph?

A

Like Extracellular fluid

51
Q

What does the Membranous labyrinth of the inner ear contain?

A

Contains endolymph

52
Q

What is endolymph?

A

like intra cellular fluid

53
Q

How many semicircular canals?

A

3:
Posterior
Lateral
Anterior

54
Q

Describe how the auditory pathway organised

A

Tonotopically organised

55
Q

Describe the auditory pathway

A

It is Polysynaptic and Bilateral

56
Q

Where does the auditory pathway start?

A

In the cochlea to the cochlea nerve

57
Q

Go through the auditory pathway

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Cochlea nerve
  3. Auditory centres in the brainstem
  4. Auditory centres in the brain
58
Q

What does the auditory pathway compare?

A

It compares 2 inputs:

  1. Timing
  2. Loudness
59
Q

What is the benefit of the auditory pathway being bilateral?

A

So we can localise where the sound is coming from

60
Q

Name the chambers the cochlear is split into

A
  1. Scala vestibuli (SV)

2. Scala tympani (ST)

61
Q

Where are the 2 chambers of the cochlear continuous?

A

The two chambers are continuous at the apex of the cochlea through a narrow slit (helicotrema)

62
Q

Describe the movement of fluid in the cochlea

A

As the fluid (perilymph) moves around the bony cochlea it deforms the fluid (endolymph), inside the cochlear duct.

63
Q

What is at the roof of the cochlea duct?

A

Vestibular membrane

64
Q

What is at the floor of the cochlea duct

A

Basilar membrane

65
Q

What splits the cochlea into 2 chambers?

A

Cochlea duct

66
Q

What does the cochlea duct contain?

A

A spiral organ of cortisones

67
Q

What is the spiral organ stimulated by?

A

stimulated by the deformation of the cochlear duct by the perilymph in the surrounding Scala vestibuli (SV) and Scala tympani (ST)

68
Q

What does the spiral organ of corti do?

A

This is the sensory organ that transmits sound information to the CNS

69
Q

What is the spiral organ of corti connected to?

A

Cranial nerve VIII

70
Q

What is found in the spiral organ or corti?

A

Hair cells

71
Q

Where are hair cells found in the spiral organ of corti?

A

The tips are embedded into the tectorial membrane

72
Q

What do the hair cells do in the spiral organ of corti?

A

What get convert pressure into electrical signals

73
Q

What are the hair cells connected to?

A

Sensory neurones of the Vestibulocochlear nerve

74
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurones in the auditory pathway found?

A

In the spiral ganglion

75
Q

Where does the Vestibulocochlear nerve renter the brain stem from?

A

At the cerebellopontine angle

76
Q

What does the word nuclei describe in the CNS?

A

Collection of cell bodies

77
Q

Name the nuclei soicifoc to the auditory pathway

A

The dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

78
Q

After entering the brain stem what happens to the cochlear nerve fibres?

A

They synapse with their second order neurones in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

79
Q

What is found just superior to the cochlear nuclei in the pons?

A

The superior olivary nucleus

80
Q

What is found just superior to the superior Olivary nuclei in the level of the midbrain?

A

The inferior colliculus

81
Q

What is found just superior to the inferior colliculus?

A

The medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

82
Q

What connects the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

The inferior brachium (arm )

83
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex found in the brain?

A

In the temporal lobe

84
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex also called?

A

Heschl’s gyrus

85
Q

Talk through the auditory pathway

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Spiral ganglion
  3. Cochlear nuclei (via cochlear nerve)
  4. Fibres then synapse with the superior olivary nuclei
  5. Fibres travel to inferior colliculus via LATERAL LEMINISCUS
  6. Fibres travel to medial geniculate nucleus via INFERIOR BRACHIUM
  7. Heschl’s gyrus
86
Q

To which superior olivary nucleus do fibres from the left ear travel to?

A

Both superior olivary nuclei

87
Q

What does the apex of the cochlea detect?

A

Low pitch sounds

88
Q

Where are low frequency sounds projected to in Heschl’s gyrus?

A

At the anterolateral end

89
Q

Where are high frequency sounds projected to in Heschl’s gyrus?

A

At the posteriomedial end

90
Q

Name the secondary auditory areas

A
  1. Brocha’s area

2. Wernicke’s area

91
Q

Where is Broca’s area found?

A

Anterior to the primary auditory cortex

92
Q

What is broca’s area Incharge of?

A

Motor production of language

93
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area found?

A

Posterior to the primary auditory canal

94
Q

What is Wernicke’s area I charge if?

A

Sensory understanding of language

95
Q

What dies the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

The lateral aspect of the brain

96
Q

Where does the spiral organ of cortisones sit?

A

Above the basilar membrane

97
Q

What happens if we hear a very very loud noise?

Hint descending pathway

A

Our brain sends motor fibres down our descending auditory pathway to the stapedius (via CN VII)
Also sends signals to the tensor tympani (via CN V3)

1ST YR - APM - Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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