7 S.R. Flashcards
Avulsions
A sudden and violent change to the bed or course of a stream or river causing a measureable loss or addition to land.
Riparian Owner
An owner or possessor of land that abuts a natural stream or river.
Accretions
The natural erosion of soil on one side of a watercourse and the gradual addition of soil to the other side.
Littoral
Part of the shore zone of a body of water such as a pond or lake.
Chattel
A type of personal property which, in its most general definition, can include any asset other than real estate.
Metes and Bounds
Oldest type of legal description. Clockwise direction. Has the words “beginning at a point’ or ‘point of beginning’.
Restrictive Covenant
A legal obligation imposed in a deed by the seller upon the buyer of real estate to do or not do something.
Property Taxes in MN
Tax year runs January 1-December 31 Payable in two installments: May 15 and October 15
PITI
P-Principal
I-Interest
T-Taxes
I-Insurance
Ad Valorem Tax
A tax based on the assessed value of real estate or personal property.
Pending Assessements
An assessment that has begun, but not yet completed OR an assessment that has been approved but not yet levied.
Levied Assessments
An assessment that has been billed, work completed, but not yet paid.
Escheat
The reversion of property to the state in the event that the owner dies intestate and with no legal heirs.
Police Power
The rights of any governmental body to enact and enforce regulations for the order, safety, health, morals and general welfare of the public; this does not allow for reversionary rights.
Habeas Corpus
A court proceeding
Eminent Domain
The right of government or a public utility to acquire property for necessary public use by condemnation and the owner must be fairly compensated.
Fee Simple Absolute
A real estate term in which the owner is entitled to: The entire property with unconditional power of disposition during the owner’s life and, The property descends to the owner’s heirs and legal representative upon the owner’s death intestate. The most common type of value sought.
Fee Simple Defeasible
A type of property ownership in which the grant of title or duration of ownership is dependent on a specified condition. Also known as Fee Simple Determinable or Determinable Fee.
Life Estate
A freehold interest (in real property) that expires upon the death of the owner or some other specified person.
Remainderman
The person who is to receive possession of the property after the death of a Life Tenant.
Leasehold
A leasehold estate is an ownership interest in land in which a lessee or a tenant holds real property by some form or title fro a lessor or landlord.
Statute of Frauds
A state law that provides that certain contracts must be in writing in order to be enforceable. Applies to deeds, mortgages and other real estate contracts, with the exception of leases for periods shorter than 12 months, in residential properties, containing fewer than 12 units.
Tenancy for Years
A fixed term tenancy or tenancy for years lasts for some fixed period of time.
Periodic
An estate that exists for some period of time, determined by the term of the payment of rent.
Tenancy at Will
Describes any leasehold where either the landlord or the tenant may terminate at any time on reasonable notice. It usually occurs in the absence of a lease or where the tenancy is not for consideration.
Nonconforming Use
Use of land that lawfully existed before enactment of a zoning ordinance and that may be maintained after the effective date of the ordinance, although it no longer complies with use restrictions newly applicable to the area.
Tenants in Common
Property owned by two or more persons at the same time. The proportionate interests and right to possess and enjoy property between the tenants in common do not have to be equal. Upon death, the interest passes to his/her heirs named in the will, who then become new tenants in common with the surviving tenants.
Tenancy in Severalty
An individual owns a property.
Syndication
A corporation owns a property.
Alienation
The act of conveying or transferring Title and Possession of property.
Land Patent
The right of ownership to a tract of land, usually granted by the federal or state government to an individual or private company.
Dedication
The gift of land by its owner for a public use and the acceptance of it by a unit of government.
Warranty Deed
Explicitly promises (warrants) that the grantor/seller holds good title to the property. Five Promises:
- Warranty of seisin
- Quiet enjoyment
- Right to convey
- Freedom from encumbraces
- Good forever
Quitclaim Deed
Transfers any ownership interest the grantor/seller has in the property, but makes no promises or guarantees about what that interest is or that title is good.
Bargain and Sale Deed
Implies that the grantor has the right to convey title but makes no warranties against encumbrances. This type of deed is most commonly used by court officials or fiduciaries that hold the property by force of law rather than by title, such as properties seized for unpaid taxes and sold at sheriff’s sale.
Special Limited Warranty Deed
The grantor conveys title to the grantee and agrees to protect the grantee against title defects or claims asserted by the grantor and those persons whose right to assert a claim against the title arose during the period the grantor held title to the property.
Bill of Sale
A written instrument given to pass title of personal property from a seller to a buyer.
Chain of Title
Linkages from grantor to grantee
Doctrine of Constructive Notice
Once an instrument affecting the title to real estate has been recorded, the law holds that everyone is deemed to know of its existence, even if they haven’t searched the records in the recorder’s office.
Mortgage Registry Tax
.0023
State Deed Tax Rate
.0033
Adverse Possession
15 continuous years; open for all to see; exclusive; hostile
Easement by Necessity
The right of an owner to cross over another’s property for a special necessary purpose.
Minnesota Homestead Exemption Amounts
$300,000 Agriculatural - $750,000 Half acre within city, 160 acres everywhere else
Assignment
Transfers duties but not responsibility
Novation
A contract transferred by the novation process transfers all rights and obligations from the original owner to the new owner.
Addendum
An addition to the agreement and is a part of it.
Amendment
A change to the agreement after it was originally accepted.
Flat or Fixed Lease
A single rent is set for a definite period of time.
Gross Lease
The tenant pays a flat monthly amount. The landlord pays for all operating costs for the building. In some cases, the tenant pays for its electricity, heat, and air conditioning. This type of lease often contains an escalation clause that allows the landlord to increase the rent annually to offset increased expenses.
Step Lease
The rent is increased at a set amount on an annual basis during the life of the agreement. The increase is to cover the landlord’s expected increases in expenses. The increase is based on estimated rather than actual costs.
Cost-of-Living Lease
The rent goes up in proportion to an economic index.
Net Lease
The tenant pays a base monthly rent plus some of the expenses. The increases are based on actual costs rather than on estimates. The rent increases at the time that the landlord incurs an increase in costs. In some cases, the tenant pays rent plus all of the real estate taxes. If leasing only a portion of the building, the tenant will pay a proportionate share of the taxes.
Net-Net Lease
The tenant pays the base rental amount, real estate taxes, and insurance premiums. The insurance and real estate taxes are allocated among the tenants based on the proportion of space occupied.
Net-Net-Net Lease
The tenant pays the base rental amount plus the landlord’s operating costs. Included in this amount are real estate taxes, insurance, maintenance, and repairs.
Percentage Lease
The tenant pays either both a base amount and a percentage of gross income or, depending on which is higher, pays a base amount or a percentage of the business’s gross income.
Index Lease
Rental agreement in which the rent is adjusted periodically based on changes to an agreed-upon index, usually a general economic index such as the Consumer Price Index or the Wholesale Price Index. The lease provision that calls for the adjustment is an escalation clause.