7. Sound, speech, and music perception

Question 1

how do you call the sensory buffer in auditory stimuli?

Answer 1

echoic memory

Question 2

what are 3 important time scales for decoding speech?

Answer 2

1. 20ms - consonant changes
2. 200ms - duration of syllable
3. 2000ms - typical length of sentence

Question 3

2 ways to represent the physical features of sound pictorally

Answer 3

1. in the time domain

> x = time

> y = pressure/amplitude

2. in the frequency domain

> x = time

> y = frequency

Question 4

what are the 3 elements of the peripheral hearing system?

Answer 4

peripheral hearing system

1. external ear
2. middle ear
3. inner ear

> cochlea with basilar membrane inside

Question 5

what are the brodmann areas for auditory processing?

Answer 5

auditory processing:

22, 41, 42, 52

Question 6

where in the brain does auditory processing take place?

Answer 6

> within the sylvian fissure

> on the surfrace of the supratemporal plae

> in the upper banks of the superior temporal gyrus

Question 7

what are the 3 areas of the auditory cortex?

Answer 7

1. Heschl’s gyrus
2. superior temporal plane
3. superior temporal gyrus

Question 8

how many pathways possibly involved in auditory processing?

Answer 8

4

1. what
2. where
3. how
4. who

Question 9

which region of auditory cortex more/less active when processing speech?

Answer 9

processing speech:

> left belt region more active

> right belt region slightly more active

Question 10

which region of auditory cortex is more/less active when processing music?

Answer 10

processing music:

> right belt drastically more active

> left belt drastically less active

> right core slightly more active

Question 11

which region of auditory cortex is associated with primary sound processing?

Answer 11

primary sound processing

> Heschl’s gyrus

Question 12

what is “auditory scene analysis”?

Answer 12

discriminating between all the sounds that hit our ears simultaneously

> seperating and recognizing different sounds

Question 13

planum temporale typically bigger in which hemisphere?

how much bigger?

Answer 13

planum temporale typically bigger in left hemisphere

> in right handed individuals up to 10 times bigger

Question 14

what are interaural time/level differences?

Answer 14

interaural time: due to location one ear recieves soundwaves earlier than other ear

interaural level: due to location one ear recieves soundwaves with slightly different amplitudes

Question 15

Bregman (1990)

how does the brain segregate the many different signals in a noisy environment?

> 4 elements

Answer 15

1. the source - sound signal
2. the stream - perception of signal
3. grouping - signals are perceptually combined

> simultaneous grouping

> seqential grouping

4. stream segretation - seperate auditory objects or events into streams

Question 16

no difference in activation in auditory cortex between real words, pseudo words and reversed speech (Binder et al)

> conclusion?

Answer 16

these regions likely do not reflect semantic processing of the word meaning

> but they reflect phonological processing of the speech sounds

Question 17

is language lateralized in the brain?

how?

Answer 17

in most right handed individuals, language is lateralized to the left hemisphere

> a new model suggests that early language processing happens bilaterally, while higher order semantic processing is lateralized to the left hemisphere