7) Social-cultural influences Flashcards
What are traditional gender stereotypes?
Women’s role is to be family carer
Negative view of muscular women
What do some people think limits females sporting ability?
Lack of strength and endurance
Competetiveness is masculine
What are developmental differences between genders?
Female facilities develop slower
Less female media coverage
What is the definition for stereotype?
A fixed and oversimplified opinion of a type of person
What do some people think improves ethnic sporting abilities?
African groups have better physiological make up
How is ethnicity spread across the highest level of sport in the UK?
It is imbalanced
What physical attributes do certain ethnic groups have?
Higher percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres
Long achilles tendon
What does a high fast-twitch muscle fibre percentage and long achilles tendon create?
Greater power transfer
What socio-economic group do ethnic minorities often come from?
Lower socio-economic groups
What does a lack of disposable income mean for performers?
They may not be able to afford the equipment and travel costs to participate in sports
Why is there a high percentage of ethnic minorities in football and athletics compared to polo or rowing?
It is cheaper
What are potential limitations of sport as we age?
Fitness levels decline
Body less able to recover from impact injuries
What sports are younger and older people usually involved in?
Younger- team sports
Older- individual activities
What happens to many athletes post-school?
They quit sports
What gender is more likely to quit sports after school?
Females
What are common participation barriers post-school?
Not seeing positive role models in media
Engaging in sport with agressive stronger men
Feeling judged by others
How can families support sports?
Physically active parents encourage their children Family support (transport, money) Parents role models
How can peer groups (friends) influence participation in sport?
Following the crowd
Discouragement
Why do boys sometimes not do gymnastics?
Negative attitudes from friends
Stereotypical girls sport
What personal characteristics affect sport engagement?
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Disabilities
What are the 3 main types of disability?
Sensory impairments
Mental health impairments
Mobility impairments
How can mobility impairments be acquired?
Born with
Age
Disease or injury
What are examples of sensory impairments?
Reduction in sight or hearing
What are the 2 main approaches to include disabled people in sports?
Integration
Adaptation
What are adapted sports?
Sports changed so physically disabled can perform alongside those not physically disabled
What is integration?
Allowing disabled performers to compete with non-disabled performers
What are benefits of integration?
Less discrimination
Less stereotyping
Fewer barriers to playing sports
What are benefits for TV companies showing sports? (5)
Fast-pace viewing Lower costs Easy to follow Role model performers Personalities
Why is sport fast-pace viewing?
Exciting, fast-paced and few stoppages
Often competetive which is popular
Why is sport cheaper for a TV company than drama?
Drama requires paying cast, staging, production team etc
How do audiences influence sporting events?
Time changes to be aired at popular times in the week
How has sports on TV developed?
Slow motion replays
Hawk-eye
TMO
What are different ways the media covers sport?
Social media
Internet
Newspapers
Radio programmes
How do radio programmes cover sports?
Running commentries and talk shows
What are the 2 types of newspaper?
Broadsheet
Tabloid
What is a broadsheet newspaper?
Emphasis on information service
Fewer pages about sport but covers a wide range of sports
What is a tabloid newspaper?
Interested in sporting personalities, 25% covers sports
Only covers ‘main’ sports
How can you follow sports on social media?
Downloaded apps follows scores with live updates
Forums to chat
Watch highlights
What do TV companies have to pay for to show sport?
Television rights
What is commercialisation?
Managing or running something for financial gain
What can be bought and sold in sport? (5)
Sponsorship rights Stadiums Sports teams Players Television rights
What is the job of a marketing manager in sport?
Selling the sport/team to any potential investors or sponsors
Why do most sports teams now have a marketing manager?
Commercialisation of sport
What is the golden triangle of commercialisation?
Sport
Sponsorship
Media
How is commercialisation making sport more business focused?
Winning sponsors may be as important as winning competitions
Pressure to perform
Why are players and managers now more likely to lose their jobs and be replaced?
Pressure on managers and players as lots of money at stake
What can sponsors sponsor in sport?
Teams
Facilities
Competitions
Players
What are potential aims of sponsors? (2)
Increase sales
Philanthropic (charitable)
What are pros of commercialisation for sponsors?
More opportunites to advertise
Publicity and sales
What are cons of commercialisation for sponsors?
Sponsors are assocatied with negative events
What are examples of damaged reputation of sponsors?
Gatorade- Tiger Woods had many affairs
Nike- Lance Amstrong doping scandal
Speedo- Ryan Lochte arrested in Brazil
What do the media often focus on instead of sporting events?
Sporting personalities
What are potential negative impacts of the media focus on sporting personalities?
Lower income
Increased scrutiny
Less free time and privacy
Why does the media reduce performers’ free time and privacy?
Sponsors make performers attend meeting and events
Why is there increased scutiny on performers?
Any wrongdoing is immediately reported by the media
What can cause performers to have sponsorships withdrawn?
If they are performing badly
What can sponsors expecting good performances cause?
Incentivised cheating to improve performances
What are positive impacts of sponsorship?
Increased earnings
Better equipment
How does sponsorship provide better equipment?
Equpiment, facilities or money can be provided which allows more time training
Fitness and skills improve
What do performers often earn in exchange for accepting sponsorships and promoting products?
Money
What effects can sponsorship have on a sport?
Greater income
Sponsor power
Timing changes
More focus on ‘bigger’ sports
How do sponsors effect timing changes?
They decide start times to increase publicity
Can be inconvenient for away fans
How do sponsors have power in sports?
They help to decide what is shown on TV
Decide where their logos are placed and the position of cameras
Why is sponsorship income good for a lot of sports?
Teams and performers can earn money from more things than just spectators
What impacts does sponsorship have on officials?
Fame
Higher income
Media scrutiny
Opportunity to travel
What impacts does sponsorship have on spectators?
Lack of atmosphere
More money
More coverage
More merchandise
How does sponsorship impact the atmosphere?
Viewing sports at home takes away stadium atmosphere
How do TV companies attempt to add atmosphere?
Stategically placing microphones and cameras to record the atmosphere
Why is clubs having more money good for spectators?
Clubs can buy better players and play higher quality matches
Clubs can invest in new stadiums and facilties
What are the 3 elements of the golden triangle?
Business sponsors
Media
Sport spectators
What does the golden triangle tell us?
The financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media
What is etiquette?
The unwritten rules concerning player behaviour
What is gamesmanship?
Using methods that are not strictly legal to gain advantages in sport
What is sportmanship?
Appropriate or polite and fair behaviour while participating in a sporting event
What developments have helped perfomers monitor their ability?
Technological developments
What 2 things do performers monitor?
Nutrition
Health
What are examples of technological developments that help to monitor the health of performers?
Heart rate monitor
Pedometer
Body fat monitor
How have technological advancements improved safety?
Clothing
How have technological advancements aided recovery?
Decreased recovery time for injured performers
What are examples of technologies that shorten recovery time?
Ice baths
Oxygen tents
Hyperbaric chambers
How have technological developments aided equpiment?
Easier to use
Lasts longer
What are examples of technologically advanced equpiment?
Lighter spikes
Boydsuits
Tennis rackets increasing spin
How have disabled performers benefited from technological advancements?
Prosthetic limbs allows them to compete in new sports
How have technological advancements aided match analysis?
Can use saem successful tactics or highlight weaknesses
What are pros of technology in sport?
Lower chance of error (photo finishes, third umpires)
What are cons of technology in sport?
Unequal access (costly) Time consuming (wait for TMO decisions) Offers new ways to cheat (doping)
What are impacts of technology for officials?
Less pressure
Better communication
Improved decisions
Too reliant on technology
What is a disadvantage of offcials becoming too relaint on technology?
Can slow the game down
What tennis technology is used to increase the accuracy of line calls?
Hawk-eye
What are impacts of technology for spectators?
All-weather surfaces
Live TV analysis
Different camera angles
What are impacts of technology for sponsors?
Reputation risk
More advertising
Why does technology increase sponsor’s reputation risk?
Higher chance of performers being caught cheating
What are the different elements of conduct in sport?
Etiquette
Sportmanship
Gamesmanship
Contract to compete
What is the contract to compete?
Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win but also letting your opponent play
What 5 substances are banned in sport?
Stimulants Narcotic analgesics Peptide hormones Diuretics Anabolic agents
What do anabolic agents do?
Speed up recovery to allow a performer to train more often
What are side effects of anabolic agents?
Highly addictive Reduced testicle size High blood pressure Damage liver, kidneys, heart Female body hair Reduced breast size Deeper voice
What do diuretics do?
Remove excess water from the body for weight loss
What are side effects of duretics?
Severe dehydration
Low blood pressure
Cramps
What do peptide hormones do (EPO)?
Increase muscle growth and production of red blood cells
What does EPO do?
Reduce tiredness for endurance athletes
What are side effects of EPO?
Thicker blood
Heart works harder
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke
What do narcotic analgesics do?
Reduce pain from overtraining
What are side effects of narcotic analgesics?
Very addictive
Constipation
Reduced alertness
Loss of concentration (could lead to coma)
What do stimulants do?
Speed up parts of the body or brain
alertness, reaction time, aggression
What are side effects of stimulants?
Increased blood pressure
Strokes
Heart attacks
What are the steps of blood doping?
1) Blood removal
2) Body produces more red blood cells
3) Injection of stored blood
What is the process of blood doping removal?
Athletes remove 2 pints of blood from their body weeks before a competition and freeze it for later use
What happens when blood is removed from the body?
More red bood cells are produced
What is the process of injecting stored blood back into the body?
Once body returns to nomral blood content levels, stored frozen blood is thawed and injected 1-2 days before competition
Increase red blood cell content allowing the body to absorb and deliver more oxygen from the air to the working muscles
What are pros of blood doping?
Produces energy faster
Fatigue slower
What are cons of blood doping?
Increased risk of heart attack
Blockage of blood vessels (embolism)
Contraction of blood baed diseases (HIV)
Thickening of blood
What is the blockage of blood vessels also known as?
Embolism
What are beta blockers?
Performance enhancing drugs
What are side efefcts of beta blockers?
Nausea
Poor circulation (heart problems)
Tiredness
Weakness
What effect do beta blockers have on the body?
Reduced effects of adrenaline
How do beta blockers reduce the effects of adrenaline?
Reducing muscle tightness, heart rate and blood pressure
Improves fine motor skills
What are PEDs?
Performance enhancing drugs
Who do stimulants benefit? (improve alertness)
Sprinters
Racing drivers
Rugby players
Who do narcotic agents benefit? (pain killers)
Weightlifters
NFL players
Who do anabolic agents benefit? (increase muscle mass)
Boxers
Rugby players
Who do diuretics benefit? (weight loss)
Boxers
MMA fighters
Who do peptide hormones benefit? (improve oxygen carrying capacity)
Marathon runners
Long-distance cyclists
Who do beta blockers benefit? (fine motor control)
Archers
Darts players
What are pros of performance enhancing drugs?
Cope with pressure better
Increased income
Fame and sponsorship
What are cons of performance enhancing drugs?
Banned if caught
Immoral
Health risks
What are effects of PEDs on sport?
Lost sponsorship or media coverage
Harm reputation
What are pros of spectators?
Atmosphere
Home advnatage
What are cons of spectators?
Crowd trouble
Intimidating environment
What reasons cause holliganism?
Rivalries Alcohol and drugs Gang culture Frustration Masculinity
What is hooliganism?
Violent behaviour
What are strategies of combatting hooliganism?
Early kick-offs All-seater stadiums Segregation of fans Improved security Alcohol restrictions Travel restrictions Education
