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GCSE Physical Education > 7) Social-cultural influences > Flashcards

7) Social-cultural influences Flashcards

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1
Q

What are traditional gender stereotypes?

A

Women’s role is to be family carer

Negative view of muscular women

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2
Q

What do some people think limits females sporting ability?

A

Lack of strength and endurance

Competetiveness is masculine

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3
Q

What are developmental differences between genders?

A

Female facilities develop slower

Less female media coverage

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4
Q

What is the definition for stereotype?

A

A fixed and oversimplified opinion of a type of person

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5
Q

What do some people think improves ethnic sporting abilities?

A

African groups have better physiological make up

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6
Q

How is ethnicity spread across the highest level of sport in the UK?

A

It is imbalanced

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7
Q

What physical attributes do certain ethnic groups have?

A

Higher percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres

Long achilles tendon

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8
Q

What does a high fast-twitch muscle fibre percentage and long achilles tendon create?

A

Greater power transfer

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9
Q

What socio-economic group do ethnic minorities often come from?

A

Lower socio-economic groups

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10
Q

What does a lack of disposable income mean for performers?

A

They may not be able to afford the equipment and travel costs to participate in sports

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11
Q

Why is there a high percentage of ethnic minorities in football and athletics compared to polo or rowing?

A

It is cheaper

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12
Q

What are potential limitations of sport as we age?

A

Fitness levels decline

Body less able to recover from impact injuries

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13
Q

What sports are younger and older people usually involved in?

A

Younger- team sports

Older- individual activities

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14
Q

What happens to many athletes post-school?

A

They quit sports

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15
Q

What gender is more likely to quit sports after school?

A

Females

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16
Q

What are common participation barriers post-school?

A

Not seeing positive role models in media
Engaging in sport with agressive stronger men
Feeling judged by others

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17
Q

How can families support sports?

A 
Physically active parents encourage their children
Family support (transport, money)
Parents role models
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18
Q

How can peer groups (friends) influence participation in sport?

A

Following the crowd

Discouragement

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19
Q

Why do boys sometimes not do gymnastics?

A

Negative attitudes from friends

Stereotypical girls sport

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20
Q

What personal characteristics affect sport engagement?

A

Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Disabilities

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21
Q

What are the 3 main types of disability?

A

Sensory impairments
Mental health impairments
Mobility impairments

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22
Q

How can mobility impairments be acquired?

A

Born with
Age
Disease or injury

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23
Q

What are examples of sensory impairments?

A

Reduction in sight or hearing

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24
Q

What are the 2 main approaches to include disabled people in sports?

A

Integration

Adaptation

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25
Q

What are adapted sports?

A

Sports changed so physically disabled can perform alongside those not physically disabled

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26
Q

What is integration?

A

Allowing disabled performers to compete with non-disabled performers

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27
Q

What are benefits of integration?

A

Less discrimination
Less stereotyping
Fewer barriers to playing sports

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28
Q

What are benefits for TV companies showing sports? (5)

A 
Fast-pace viewing
Lower costs
Easy to follow
Role model performers
Personalities
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29
Q

Why is sport fast-pace viewing?

A

Exciting, fast-paced and few stoppages

Often competetive which is popular

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30
Q

Why is sport cheaper for a TV company than drama?

A

Drama requires paying cast, staging, production team etc

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31
Q

How do audiences influence sporting events?

A

Time changes to be aired at popular times in the week

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32
Q

How has sports on TV developed?

A

Slow motion replays
Hawk-eye
TMO

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33
Q

What are different ways the media covers sport?

A

Social media
Internet
Newspapers
Radio programmes

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34
Q

How do radio programmes cover sports?

A

Running commentries and talk shows

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35
Q

What are the 2 types of newspaper?

A

Broadsheet

Tabloid

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36
Q

What is a broadsheet newspaper?

A

Emphasis on information service

Fewer pages about sport but covers a wide range of sports

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37
Q

What is a tabloid newspaper?

A

Interested in sporting personalities, 25% covers sports

Only covers ‘main’ sports

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38
Q

How can you follow sports on social media?

A

Downloaded apps follows scores with live updates
Forums to chat
Watch highlights

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39
Q

What do TV companies have to pay for to show sport?

A

Television rights

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40
Q

What is commercialisation?

A

Managing or running something for financial gain

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41
Q

What can be bought and sold in sport? (5)

A 
Sponsorship rights
Stadiums
Sports teams
Players
Television rights
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42
Q

What is the job of a marketing manager in sport?

A

Selling the sport/team to any potential investors or sponsors

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43
Q

Why do most sports teams now have a marketing manager?

A

Commercialisation of sport

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44
Q

What is the golden triangle of commercialisation?

A

Sport
Sponsorship
Media

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45
Q

How is commercialisation making sport more business focused?

A

Winning sponsors may be as important as winning competitions

Pressure to perform

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46
Q

Why are players and managers now more likely to lose their jobs and be replaced?

A

Pressure on managers and players as lots of money at stake

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47
Q

What can sponsors sponsor in sport?

A

Teams
Facilities
Competitions
Players

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48
Q

What are potential aims of sponsors? (2)

A

Increase sales

Philanthropic (charitable)

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49
Q

What are pros of commercialisation for sponsors?

A

More opportunites to advertise

Publicity and sales

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50
Q

What are cons of commercialisation for sponsors?

A

Sponsors are assocatied with negative events

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51
Q

What are examples of damaged reputation of sponsors?

A

Gatorade- Tiger Woods had many affairs
Nike- Lance Amstrong doping scandal
Speedo- Ryan Lochte arrested in Brazil

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52
Q

What do the media often focus on instead of sporting events?

A

Sporting personalities

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53
Q

What are potential negative impacts of the media focus on sporting personalities?

A

Lower income
Increased scrutiny
Less free time and privacy

54
Q

Why does the media reduce performers’ free time and privacy?

A

Sponsors make performers attend meeting and events

55
Q

Why is there increased scutiny on performers?

A

Any wrongdoing is immediately reported by the media

56
Q

What can cause performers to have sponsorships withdrawn?

A

If they are performing badly

57
Q

What can sponsors expecting good performances cause?

A

Incentivised cheating to improve performances

58
Q

What are positive impacts of sponsorship?

A

Increased earnings

Better equipment

59
Q

How does sponsorship provide better equipment?

A

Equpiment, facilities or money can be provided which allows more time training
Fitness and skills improve

60
Q

What do performers often earn in exchange for accepting sponsorships and promoting products?

A

Money

61
Q

What effects can sponsorship have on a sport?

A

Greater income
Sponsor power
Timing changes
More focus on ‘bigger’ sports

62
Q

How do sponsors effect timing changes?

A

They decide start times to increase publicity

Can be inconvenient for away fans

63
Q

How do sponsors have power in sports?

A

They help to decide what is shown on TV

Decide where their logos are placed and the position of cameras

64
Q

Why is sponsorship income good for a lot of sports?

A

Teams and performers can earn money from more things than just spectators

65
Q

What impacts does sponsorship have on officials?

A

Fame
Higher income
Media scrutiny
Opportunity to travel

66
Q

What impacts does sponsorship have on spectators?

A

Lack of atmosphere
More money
More coverage
More merchandise

67
Q

How does sponsorship impact the atmosphere?

A

Viewing sports at home takes away stadium atmosphere

68
Q

How do TV companies attempt to add atmosphere?

A

Stategically placing microphones and cameras to record the atmosphere

69
Q

Why is clubs having more money good for spectators?

A

Clubs can buy better players and play higher quality matches

Clubs can invest in new stadiums and facilties

70
Q

What are the 3 elements of the golden triangle?

A

Business sponsors
Media
Sport spectators

71
Q

What does the golden triangle tell us?

A

The financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media

72
Q

What is etiquette?

A

The unwritten rules concerning player behaviour

73
Q

What is gamesmanship?

A

Using methods that are not strictly legal to gain advantages in sport

74
Q

What is sportmanship?

A

Appropriate or polite and fair behaviour while participating in a sporting event

75
Q

What developments have helped perfomers monitor their ability?

A

Technological developments

76
Q

What 2 things do performers monitor?

A

Nutrition

Health

77
Q

What are examples of technological developments that help to monitor the health of performers?

A

Heart rate monitor
Pedometer
Body fat monitor

78
Q

How have technological advancements improved safety?

A

Clothing

79
Q

How have technological advancements aided recovery?

A

Decreased recovery time for injured performers

80
Q

What are examples of technologies that shorten recovery time?

A

Ice baths
Oxygen tents
Hyperbaric chambers

81
Q

How have technological developments aided equpiment?

A

Easier to use

Lasts longer

82
Q

What are examples of technologically advanced equpiment?

A

Lighter spikes
Boydsuits
Tennis rackets increasing spin

83
Q

How have disabled performers benefited from technological advancements?

A

Prosthetic limbs allows them to compete in new sports

84
Q

How have technological advancements aided match analysis?

A

Can use saem successful tactics or highlight weaknesses

85
Q

What are pros of technology in sport?

A

Lower chance of error (photo finishes, third umpires)

86
Q

What are cons of technology in sport?

A 
Unequal access (costly)
Time consuming (wait for TMO decisions)
Offers new ways to cheat (doping)
87
Q

What are impacts of technology for officials?

A

Less pressure
Better communication
Improved decisions
Too reliant on technology

88
Q

What is a disadvantage of offcials becoming too relaint on technology?

A

Can slow the game down

89
Q

What tennis technology is used to increase the accuracy of line calls?

A

Hawk-eye

90
Q

What are impacts of technology for spectators?

A

All-weather surfaces
Live TV analysis
Different camera angles

91
Q

What are impacts of technology for sponsors?

A

Reputation risk

More advertising

92
Q

Why does technology increase sponsor’s reputation risk?

A

Higher chance of performers being caught cheating

93
Q

What are the different elements of conduct in sport?

A

Etiquette
Sportmanship
Gamesmanship
Contract to compete

94
Q

What is the contract to compete?

A

Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win but also letting your opponent play

95
Q

What 5 substances are banned in sport?

A 
Stimulants
Narcotic analgesics
Peptide hormones
Diuretics
Anabolic agents
96
Q

What do anabolic agents do?

A

Speed up recovery to allow a performer to train more often

97
Q

What are side effects of anabolic agents?

A 
Highly addictive
Reduced testicle size
High blood pressure
Damage liver, kidneys, heart
Female body hair
Reduced breast size
Deeper voice
98
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

Remove excess water from the body for weight loss

99
Q

What are side effects of duretics?

A

Severe dehydration
Low blood pressure
Cramps

100
Q

What do peptide hormones do (EPO)?

A

Increase muscle growth and production of red blood cells

101
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Reduce tiredness for endurance athletes

102
Q

What are side effects of EPO?

A

Thicker blood
Heart works harder
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke

103
Q

What do narcotic analgesics do?

A

Reduce pain from overtraining

104
Q

What are side effects of narcotic analgesics?

A

Very addictive
Constipation
Reduced alertness
Loss of concentration (could lead to coma)

105
Q

What do stimulants do?

A

Speed up parts of the body or brain

alertness, reaction time, aggression

106
Q

What are side effects of stimulants?

A

Increased blood pressure
Strokes
Heart attacks

107
Q

What are the steps of blood doping?

A

1) Blood removal
2) Body produces more red blood cells
3) Injection of stored blood

108
Q

What is the process of blood doping removal?

A

Athletes remove 2 pints of blood from their body weeks before a competition and freeze it for later use

109
Q

What happens when blood is removed from the body?

A

More red bood cells are produced

110
Q

What is the process of injecting stored blood back into the body?

A

Once body returns to nomral blood content levels, stored frozen blood is thawed and injected 1-2 days before competition
Increase red blood cell content allowing the body to absorb and deliver more oxygen from the air to the working muscles

111
Q

What are pros of blood doping?

A

Produces energy faster

Fatigue slower

112
Q

What are cons of blood doping?

A

Increased risk of heart attack
Blockage of blood vessels (embolism)
Contraction of blood baed diseases (HIV)
Thickening of blood

113
Q

What is the blockage of blood vessels also known as?

A

Embolism

114
Q

What are beta blockers?

A

Performance enhancing drugs

115
Q

What are side efefcts of beta blockers?

A

Nausea
Poor circulation (heart problems)
Tiredness
Weakness

116
Q

What effect do beta blockers have on the body?

A

Reduced effects of adrenaline

117
Q

How do beta blockers reduce the effects of adrenaline?

A

Reducing muscle tightness, heart rate and blood pressure

Improves fine motor skills

118
Q

What are PEDs?

A

Performance enhancing drugs

119
Q

Who do stimulants benefit? (improve alertness)

A

Sprinters
Racing drivers
Rugby players

120
Q

Who do narcotic agents benefit? (pain killers)

A

Weightlifters

NFL players

121
Q

Who do anabolic agents benefit? (increase muscle mass)

A

Boxers

Rugby players

122
Q

Who do diuretics benefit? (weight loss)

A

Boxers

MMA fighters

123
Q

Who do peptide hormones benefit? (improve oxygen carrying capacity)

A

Marathon runners

Long-distance cyclists

124
Q

Who do beta blockers benefit? (fine motor control)

A

Archers

Darts players

125
Q

What are pros of performance enhancing drugs?

A

Cope with pressure better
Increased income
Fame and sponsorship

126
Q

What are cons of performance enhancing drugs?

A

Banned if caught
Immoral
Health risks

127
Q

What are effects of PEDs on sport?

A

Lost sponsorship or media coverage

Harm reputation

128
Q

What are pros of spectators?

A

Atmosphere

Home advnatage

129
Q

What are cons of spectators?

A

Crowd trouble

Intimidating environment

130
Q

What reasons cause holliganism?

A 
Rivalries
Alcohol and drugs
Gang culture
Frustration
Masculinity
131
Q

What is hooliganism?

A

Violent behaviour

132
Q

What are strategies of combatting hooliganism?

A 
Early kick-offs
All-seater stadiums
Segregation of fans
Improved security
Alcohol restrictions
Travel restrictions
Education

GCSE Physical Education (6 decks)

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