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GCSE Physical Education > 1) Applied Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

1) Applied Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bone?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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2
Q

What are long bones used for?

A

Movement, shape, blood cell production, mineral storage

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3
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone

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4
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone

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5
Q

What bones are located in your leg?

A

Femur, fibula, tibia

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6
Q

What bones are located in your arm?

A

Humerus, ulna, radius

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7
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint is where two or more bones meet

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8
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Support
Mineral Storage
Blood Cell Production
Movement
Shape
Protection
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9
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A protective layer that covers the end of each bone to stop them rubbing together

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10
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

The joint capsule is tough, fibrous and surrounds the joint, it is lined with a synovial membrane

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11
Q

What do synovial membranes do?

A

Synovial membranes produce an oily substance called synovial fluid

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12
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Synovial fluid keeps joints well lubricated to stop them wearing down and rubbing together

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13
Q

What do ligaments provide?

A

Ligaments provide strength and keep the bones in place (prevents dislocations)

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14
Q

What does bursae do?

A

Bursae are small bags of synovial fluid that reduce friction in a joint, they act like an airbag cushioning impacts

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15
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A

Bursae
Joint Capusle
Ligament
Cartilage

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16
Q

What is the calf bone?

A

The calf bone is the fibula

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17
Q

What is the shin bone?

A

The shin bone is the tibia

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18
Q

What are the 6 ball and socket joint movements?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
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19
Q

What is rotation?

A

Rotation is the turning of a limb around its axis

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20
Q

What is adduction?

A

Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the midline of your body

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21
Q

What is abduction?

A

Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midleine of your body

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22
Q

What is the plantar flexion agonist?

A

The plantar flexion agonist is the gastrocnemius

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23
Q

What is the knee extension agonist?

A

The knee extension agonist is the quadriceps

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24
Q

What is the elbow extension agonist?

A

The elbow extension agonist is the triceps

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25
What is an isotonic eccentric contraction?
A isotonic eccentric contraction is when a muscle extends
26
What is an isotonic concentric contraction?
An isotonic concentric contraction is when a muscle shortens
27
What is an isometric contraction?
An isometric contraction is when a muscle stays the same length
28
What is the shoulder blade know as?
The scapula
29
Where are ball and socket joints located?
Hip | Shoulder
30
What bones make the hip joint?
Femur | Pelvis
31
What bones make the shoulder joint?
Scapula Clavicle Humerus
32
What is flexion at the hip?
Raising your knee out in front of you
33
What is flexion at the shoulder?
Raising your arm out in front of you
34
What is extension at the hip?
Pushing your heel back behind you
35
What is extension at the shoulder?
Pushing your arm back behind you
36
What is the prime mover for muscles?
Agonist
37
What muscles are used to move the elbow?
Bicep | Triceps
38
What muscles are used to move the hip?
Hip flexors | Gluteals
39
What muscles are used to move the shoulder?
Latissimus dorsi | Deltoid
40
What muscles are used to move the knee?
Hamstrings | Quadriceps
41
What muscles are used to move the ankle?
Gastrocnemius | Tibialis anteior
42
What contractions are we always stationary during?
Isometric contractions
43
What is the ordered pathway of air?
``` Mouth or nose Trachea Bronchi (2) Bronchioles Alveoli (150 million each) ```
44
What is the trachea lined with?
Cilia which catch dust particles
45
How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
Contains millions of alveoli Good blood supply Large surface area
46
What causes the lungs to have a large surface area?
There are millions of tiny alveoli
47
Why is diffusion distance small in the lungs?
Capillaries are only 1 cell thick
48
What carries oxygen around the body?
Haemoglobin
49
What does oxygen bind to haemoglobin to create?
Oxyhaemoglobin
50
What are the types of blood vessel?
Arteries Veins Capillaries
51
Which type of blood vessel vasocontricts and dilates?
Arteries
52
What is the internal diamater of blood vessels called?
Lumen
53
Compare the size of arteries to veins?
Arteries have thick walls so a small lumen | Veins have thin walls and a big lumen
54
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent the backflow of blood
55
What do valves mean for veins?
Veins don't have a pulse
56
Why do arteries have thick walls?
To cope with high pressures of blood pumped from the heart
57
What is the function of veins?
To carry blood to the heart (mostly deoxygenated)
58
What is special about artery walls?
They are elasticated
59
What are capillaries?
A tiny network of blood vessels
60
What do capillaries do?
Link artiers and veins
61
What is the structure of capillaries?
Very small | 1 cell thick
62
What is the function of capillaries?
To make diffusion easier (shorter distance)
63
What does the vena cava do?
Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
64
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
65
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium
66
What does the aorta do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
67
What is the largest artery?
The aorta
68
What are the atria?
The 2 top chambers of the heart
69
What are the ventricles?
The 2 bottom chambers of the heart
70
What is the atria's structure?
Small as they only need to pump blood to the ventricles
71
Compare the 2 ventricle's structures?
Right ventricle has thinner walls and is less muscular | Left ventricle has thicker, stronger walls
72
Why is the left ventricle stronger than the right?
It needs to pump blood at high pressures all around the body
73
What chambers of the heart contract first?
The atria
74
What are the stages of the deoxygenated blood cardiac cycle?
Body --> vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs
75
What are the stages of the oxygenated blood cardiac cycle?
Lungs --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body
76
What is systole?
The process of contracting and pumping out blood
77
What is diastole?
The process of relaxing and filling up with blood
78
How many stages does the heart beat in?
2
79
What is the first stage of a heart beat?
Atrial systole | Ventricular diastole
80
What is the second stage of a heart beat?
Ventricular systole | Atrial diastole
81
What does Q stand for?
Cardiac output
82
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumper per minute
83
What does SV stand for?
Stroke volume
84
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood pumped per beat
85
What is HR?
Number of heart beats per minute
86
What happens to the heart when exercising?
Stroke volume increases Heart rate increases Cardiac output increases
87
What is the relantionship between HR, Q and SV?
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate | Q = SV x HR
88
What is anticipatory rise?
When HR increases before physical activity
89
What happens to the muscles when inhaling?
Inctercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts and flattens Rib cage rises up and outwards
90
What happens to the muscles when exhaling?
Intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes Rib cage falls
91
Is inhilation or exhalation passive?
Exhalation as muscles just relax
92
What muscles work during inspiration?
Pectoral and neck muscles contract to expand the lungs
93
What muscles work during expiration?
Adbominal muscles contract to force air out
94
What happens to the chest cavity during exhalation?
Volume of chest cavity decreases so high pressure is created
95
What happens to the chest cavity during inhilation?
Volume of chest cavity increases so low pressure is created
96
What is used to measure breathing volume?
A spirometer trace
97
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after one normal exhalation
98
What is residual volume?
Volume of air left in lungs after exhalatio
99
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amunt of air that can be forced into the lungs after 1 normnal inhilation
100
What is tidal volume?
Volume of air breathed in or out while at rest
101
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen --> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
102
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose --> Lactic acid + Energy
103
What does EPOC stand for?
Excess Post Oxygen Energy Consumption
104
What is oxygen debt?
The temporary shortage of oxygen after tiring activity
105
Why do perfroemrs breather ehavly after exercise?
To replenish their oxygen debt, this is known as EPOC
106
What are neagative efefcts of strenous exercise?
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) Light-headedness Fatigue
107
What are the stages of a cool down?
Walking or jogging | Static stretching
108
What arfe the effects of a cooldown?
Remove waste products Reduce DOMS effect Prevent blood pooling Lower HR
109
How can a perfromer manipulate their diet?
Rehydration | Carbohydrate replacement
110
Why are carbohydrates needed after exercise?
They contain high concentrations of glucose
111
What does a perfromer lose when they sweat?
Minerals | Water
112
How can you heal muscle tears?
Ice baths | Massages
113
What does an ice bath do?
Cause blood vessels to constrict and flush out waste products
114
What does a massage do?
Cause blood to flow, flushing out waste products
115
What are immediate effects of exercise?
Increased breathing rate Increased HR Increased body temperature
116
What are short term effects of exercise?
``` Fatigue Light-headedness Nausea DOMS Cramps ```
117
What is a cramp?
An involuntary contraction of a muscle
118
What causes light-headedness?
Drop in blood pressure | Low blood sugar
119
What happens in the body to cool down?
Vasodilation of arteries | Sweating
120
What are long term effects of exercise?
Hypertrophy Joint flexibility Musuclar endurance
121
How do you train to build muscle mass?
Low reps | High sets
122
How do you train to build muscular endurance?
High reps | Low sets
123
What are long term cardiovascular gains of exercise?
Bradycardia Cardiovascular endurance Ventricular hypertrophy
124
What does ventricular hypertrophy mean for stroke volume?
Increases
125
What is bradycardia?
When resting heart rate is decreased
126
Why does exercise cause weight loss?
The body breaks down fat stores to use glucose for energy

GCSE Physical Education (6 decks)

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