1) Applied Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What are the 4 classifications of bone?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
What are long bones used for?
Movement, shape, blood cell production, mineral storage
What do tendons do?
Tendons attach muscle to bone
What do ligaments do?
Ligaments connect bone to bone
What bones are located in your leg?
Femur, fibula, tibia
What bones are located in your arm?
Humerus, ulna, radius
What is a joint?
A joint is where two or more bones meet
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
Support Mineral Storage Blood Cell Production Movement Shape Protection
What is cartilage?
A protective layer that covers the end of each bone to stop them rubbing together
What is a joint capsule?
The joint capsule is tough, fibrous and surrounds the joint, it is lined with a synovial membrane
What do synovial membranes do?
Synovial membranes produce an oily substance called synovial fluid
What does synovial fluid do?
Synovial fluid keeps joints well lubricated to stop them wearing down and rubbing together
What do ligaments provide?
Ligaments provide strength and keep the bones in place (prevents dislocations)
What does bursae do?
Bursae are small bags of synovial fluid that reduce friction in a joint, they act like an airbag cushioning impacts
What are the features of a synovial joint?
Bursae
Joint Capusle
Ligament
Cartilage
What is the calf bone?
The calf bone is the fibula
What is the shin bone?
The shin bone is the tibia
What are the 6 ball and socket joint movements?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction
What is rotation?
Rotation is the turning of a limb around its axis
What is adduction?
Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the midline of your body
What is abduction?
Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midleine of your body
What is the plantar flexion agonist?
The plantar flexion agonist is the gastrocnemius
What is the knee extension agonist?
The knee extension agonist is the quadriceps
What is the elbow extension agonist?
The elbow extension agonist is the triceps
What is an isotonic eccentric contraction?
A isotonic eccentric contraction is when a muscle extends
What is an isotonic concentric contraction?
An isotonic concentric contraction is when a muscle shortens
What is an isometric contraction?
An isometric contraction is when a muscle stays the same length
What is the shoulder blade know as?
The scapula
Where are ball and socket joints located?
Hip
Shoulder
What bones make the hip joint?
Femur
Pelvis
What bones make the shoulder joint?
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
What is flexion at the hip?
Raising your knee out in front of you
What is flexion at the shoulder?
Raising your arm out in front of you
What is extension at the hip?
Pushing your heel back behind you
What is extension at the shoulder?
Pushing your arm back behind you
What is the prime mover for muscles?
Agonist
What muscles are used to move the elbow?
Bicep
Triceps
What muscles are used to move the hip?
Hip flexors
Gluteals
What muscles are used to move the shoulder?
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid
What muscles are used to move the knee?
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
What muscles are used to move the ankle?
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anteior
What contractions are we always stationary during?
Isometric contractions
What is the ordered pathway of air?
Mouth or nose Trachea Bronchi (2) Bronchioles Alveoli (150 million each)
What is the trachea lined with?
Cilia which catch dust particles
How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
Contains millions of alveoli
Good blood supply
Large surface area
What causes the lungs to have a large surface area?
There are millions of tiny alveoli
Why is diffusion distance small in the lungs?
Capillaries are only 1 cell thick
What carries oxygen around the body?
Haemoglobin
What does oxygen bind to haemoglobin to create?
Oxyhaemoglobin
What are the types of blood vessel?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Which type of blood vessel vasocontricts and dilates?
Arteries
What is the internal diamater of blood vessels called?
Lumen
Compare the size of arteries to veins?
Arteries have thick walls so a small lumen
Veins have thin walls and a big lumen
Why do veins have valves?
To prevent the backflow of blood
What do valves mean for veins?
Veins don’t have a pulse
Why do arteries have thick walls?
To cope with high pressures of blood pumped from the heart
What is the function of veins?
To carry blood to the heart (mostly deoxygenated)
What is special about artery walls?
They are elasticated
What are capillaries?
A tiny network of blood vessels
What do capillaries do?
Link artiers and veins
What is the structure of capillaries?
Very small
1 cell thick
What is the function of capillaries?
To make diffusion easier (shorter distance)
What does the vena cava do?
Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium
What does the aorta do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
What is the largest artery?
The aorta
What are the atria?
The 2 top chambers of the heart
What are the ventricles?
The 2 bottom chambers of the heart
What is the atria’s structure?
Small as they only need to pump blood to the ventricles
Compare the 2 ventricle’s structures?
Right ventricle has thinner walls and is less muscular
Left ventricle has thicker, stronger walls
Why is the left ventricle stronger than the right?
It needs to pump blood at high pressures all around the body
What chambers of the heart contract first?
The atria
What are the stages of the deoxygenated blood cardiac cycle?
Body –> vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> lungs
What are the stages of the oxygenated blood cardiac cycle?
Lungs –> pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body
What is systole?
The process of contracting and pumping out blood
What is diastole?
The process of relaxing and filling up with blood
How many stages does the heart beat in?
2
What is the first stage of a heart beat?
Atrial systole
Ventricular diastole
What is the second stage of a heart beat?
Ventricular systole
Atrial diastole
What does Q stand for?
Cardiac output
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumper per minute
What does SV stand for?
Stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood pumped per beat
What is HR?
Number of heart beats per minute
What happens to the heart when exercising?
Stroke volume increases
Heart rate increases
Cardiac output increases
What is the relantionship between HR, Q and SV?
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Q = SV x HR
What is anticipatory rise?
When HR increases before physical activity
What happens to the muscles when inhaling?
Inctercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Rib cage rises up and outwards
What happens to the muscles when exhaling?
Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Rib cage falls
Is inhilation or exhalation passive?
Exhalation as muscles just relax
What muscles work during inspiration?
Pectoral and neck muscles contract to expand the lungs
What muscles work during expiration?
Adbominal muscles contract to force air out
What happens to the chest cavity during exhalation?
Volume of chest cavity decreases so high pressure is created
What happens to the chest cavity during inhilation?
Volume of chest cavity increases so low pressure is created
What is used to measure breathing volume?
A spirometer trace
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after one normal exhalation
What is residual volume?
Volume of air left in lungs after exhalatio
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amunt of air that can be forced into the lungs after 1 normnal inhilation
What is tidal volume?
Volume of air breathed in or out while at rest
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen –> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose –> Lactic acid + Energy
What does EPOC stand for?
Excess Post Oxygen Energy Consumption
What is oxygen debt?
The temporary shortage of oxygen after tiring activity
Why do perfroemrs breather ehavly after exercise?
To replenish their oxygen debt, this is known as EPOC
What are neagative efefcts of strenous exercise?
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Light-headedness
Fatigue
What are the stages of a cool down?
Walking or jogging
Static stretching
What arfe the effects of a cooldown?
Remove waste products
Reduce DOMS effect
Prevent blood pooling
Lower HR
How can a perfromer manipulate their diet?
Rehydration
Carbohydrate replacement
Why are carbohydrates needed after exercise?
They contain high concentrations of glucose
What does a perfromer lose when they sweat?
Minerals
Water
How can you heal muscle tears?
Ice baths
Massages
What does an ice bath do?
Cause blood vessels to constrict and flush out waste products
What does a massage do?
Cause blood to flow, flushing out waste products
What are immediate effects of exercise?
Increased breathing rate
Increased HR
Increased body temperature
What are short term effects of exercise?
Fatigue Light-headedness Nausea DOMS Cramps
What is a cramp?
An involuntary contraction of a muscle
What causes light-headedness?
Drop in blood pressure
Low blood sugar
What happens in the body to cool down?
Vasodilation of arteries
Sweating
What are long term effects of exercise?
Hypertrophy
Joint flexibility
Musuclar endurance
How do you train to build muscle mass?
Low reps
High sets
How do you train to build muscular endurance?
High reps
Low sets
What are long term cardiovascular gains of exercise?
Bradycardia
Cardiovascular endurance
Ventricular hypertrophy
What does ventricular hypertrophy mean for stroke volume?
Increases
What is bradycardia?
When resting heart rate is decreased
Why does exercise cause weight loss?
The body breaks down fat stores to use glucose for energy
