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GCSE Physical Education > 1) Applied Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

1) Applied Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bone?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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2
Q

What are long bones used for?

A

Movement, shape, blood cell production, mineral storage

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3
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone

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4
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone

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5
Q

What bones are located in your leg?

A

Femur, fibula, tibia

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6
Q

What bones are located in your arm?

A

Humerus, ulna, radius

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7
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint is where two or more bones meet

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8
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Support
Mineral Storage
Blood Cell Production
Movement
Shape
Protection
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9
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A protective layer that covers the end of each bone to stop them rubbing together

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10
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

The joint capsule is tough, fibrous and surrounds the joint, it is lined with a synovial membrane

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11
Q

What do synovial membranes do?

A

Synovial membranes produce an oily substance called synovial fluid

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12
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Synovial fluid keeps joints well lubricated to stop them wearing down and rubbing together

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13
Q

What do ligaments provide?

A

Ligaments provide strength and keep the bones in place (prevents dislocations)

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14
Q

What does bursae do?

A

Bursae are small bags of synovial fluid that reduce friction in a joint, they act like an airbag cushioning impacts

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15
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A

Bursae
Joint Capusle
Ligament
Cartilage

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16
Q

What is the calf bone?

A

The calf bone is the fibula

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17
Q

What is the shin bone?

A

The shin bone is the tibia

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18
Q

What are the 6 ball and socket joint movements?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
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19
Q

What is rotation?

A

Rotation is the turning of a limb around its axis

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20
Q

What is adduction?

A

Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the midline of your body

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21
Q

What is abduction?

A

Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midleine of your body

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22
Q

What is the plantar flexion agonist?

A

The plantar flexion agonist is the gastrocnemius

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23
Q

What is the knee extension agonist?

A

The knee extension agonist is the quadriceps

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24
Q

What is the elbow extension agonist?

A

The elbow extension agonist is the triceps

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25
Q

What is an isotonic eccentric contraction?

A

A isotonic eccentric contraction is when a muscle extends

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26
Q

What is an isotonic concentric contraction?

A

An isotonic concentric contraction is when a muscle shortens

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27
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

An isometric contraction is when a muscle stays the same length

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28
Q

What is the shoulder blade know as?

A

The scapula

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29
Q

Where are ball and socket joints located?

A

Hip

Shoulder

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30
Q

What bones make the hip joint?

A

Femur

Pelvis

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31
Q

What bones make the shoulder joint?

A

Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus

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32
Q

What is flexion at the hip?

A

Raising your knee out in front of you

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33
Q

What is flexion at the shoulder?

A

Raising your arm out in front of you

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34
Q

What is extension at the hip?

A

Pushing your heel back behind you

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35
Q

What is extension at the shoulder?

A

Pushing your arm back behind you

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36
Q

What is the prime mover for muscles?

A

Agonist

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37
Q

What muscles are used to move the elbow?

A

Bicep

Triceps

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38
Q

What muscles are used to move the hip?

A

Hip flexors

Gluteals

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39
Q

What muscles are used to move the shoulder?

A

Latissimus dorsi

Deltoid

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40
Q

What muscles are used to move the knee?

A

Hamstrings

Quadriceps

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41
Q

What muscles are used to move the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anteior

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42
Q

What contractions are we always stationary during?

A

Isometric contractions

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43
Q

What is the ordered pathway of air?

A 
Mouth or nose
Trachea
Bronchi (2)
Bronchioles
Alveoli (150 million each)
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44
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Cilia which catch dust particles

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45
Q

How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

A

Contains millions of alveoli
Good blood supply
Large surface area

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46
Q

What causes the lungs to have a large surface area?

A

There are millions of tiny alveoli

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47
Q

Why is diffusion distance small in the lungs?

A

Capillaries are only 1 cell thick

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48
Q

What carries oxygen around the body?

A

Haemoglobin

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49
Q

What does oxygen bind to haemoglobin to create?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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50
Q

What are the types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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51
Q

Which type of blood vessel vasocontricts and dilates?

A

Arteries

52
Q

What is the internal diamater of blood vessels called?

A

Lumen

53
Q

Compare the size of arteries to veins?

A

Arteries have thick walls so a small lumen

Veins have thin walls and a big lumen

54
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

55
Q

What do valves mean for veins?

A

Veins don’t have a pulse

56
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

To cope with high pressures of blood pumped from the heart

57
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To carry blood to the heart (mostly deoxygenated)

58
Q

What is special about artery walls?

A

They are elasticated

59
Q

What are capillaries?

A

A tiny network of blood vessels

60
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Link artiers and veins

61
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Very small

1 cell thick

62
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

To make diffusion easier (shorter distance)

63
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

64
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

65
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium

66
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

67
Q

What is the largest artery?

A

The aorta

68
Q

What are the atria?

A

The 2 top chambers of the heart

69
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

The 2 bottom chambers of the heart

70
Q

What is the atria’s structure?

A

Small as they only need to pump blood to the ventricles

71
Q

Compare the 2 ventricle’s structures?

A

Right ventricle has thinner walls and is less muscular

Left ventricle has thicker, stronger walls

72
Q

Why is the left ventricle stronger than the right?

A

It needs to pump blood at high pressures all around the body

73
Q

What chambers of the heart contract first?

A

The atria

74
Q

What are the stages of the deoxygenated blood cardiac cycle?

A

Body –> vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> lungs

75
Q

What are the stages of the oxygenated blood cardiac cycle?

A

Lungs –> pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body

76
Q

What is systole?

A

The process of contracting and pumping out blood

77
Q

What is diastole?

A

The process of relaxing and filling up with blood

78
Q

How many stages does the heart beat in?

A

2

79
Q

What is the first stage of a heart beat?

A

Atrial systole

Ventricular diastole

80
Q

What is the second stage of a heart beat?

A

Ventricular systole

Atrial diastole

81
Q

What does Q stand for?

A

Cardiac output

82
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumper per minute

83
Q

What does SV stand for?

A

Stroke volume

84
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped per beat

85
Q

What is HR?

A

Number of heart beats per minute

86
Q

What happens to the heart when exercising?

A

Stroke volume increases
Heart rate increases
Cardiac output increases

87
Q

What is the relantionship between HR, Q and SV?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Q = SV x HR

88
Q

What is anticipatory rise?

A

When HR increases before physical activity

89
Q

What happens to the muscles when inhaling?

A

Inctercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Rib cage rises up and outwards

90
Q

What happens to the muscles when exhaling?

A

Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Rib cage falls

91
Q

Is inhilation or exhalation passive?

A

Exhalation as muscles just relax

92
Q

What muscles work during inspiration?

A

Pectoral and neck muscles contract to expand the lungs

93
Q

What muscles work during expiration?

A

Adbominal muscles contract to force air out

94
Q

What happens to the chest cavity during exhalation?

A

Volume of chest cavity decreases so high pressure is created

95
Q

What happens to the chest cavity during inhilation?

A

Volume of chest cavity increases so low pressure is created

96
Q

What is used to measure breathing volume?

A

A spirometer trace

97
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after one normal exhalation

98
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air left in lungs after exhalatio

99
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Amunt of air that can be forced into the lungs after 1 normnal inhilation

100
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out while at rest

101
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

102
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose –> Lactic acid + Energy

103
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess Post Oxygen Energy Consumption

104
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The temporary shortage of oxygen after tiring activity

105
Q

Why do perfroemrs breather ehavly after exercise?

A

To replenish their oxygen debt, this is known as EPOC

106
Q

What are neagative efefcts of strenous exercise?

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Light-headedness
Fatigue

107
Q

What are the stages of a cool down?

A

Walking or jogging

Static stretching

108
Q

What arfe the effects of a cooldown?

A

Remove waste products
Reduce DOMS effect
Prevent blood pooling
Lower HR

109
Q

How can a perfromer manipulate their diet?

A

Rehydration

Carbohydrate replacement

110
Q

Why are carbohydrates needed after exercise?

A

They contain high concentrations of glucose

111
Q

What does a perfromer lose when they sweat?

A

Minerals

Water

112
Q

How can you heal muscle tears?

A

Ice baths

Massages

113
Q

What does an ice bath do?

A

Cause blood vessels to constrict and flush out waste products

114
Q

What does a massage do?

A

Cause blood to flow, flushing out waste products

115
Q

What are immediate effects of exercise?

A

Increased breathing rate
Increased HR
Increased body temperature

116
Q

What are short term effects of exercise?

A 
Fatigue
Light-headedness
Nausea
DOMS
Cramps
117
Q

What is a cramp?

A

An involuntary contraction of a muscle

118
Q

What causes light-headedness?

A

Drop in blood pressure

Low blood sugar

119
Q

What happens in the body to cool down?

A

Vasodilation of arteries

Sweating

120
Q

What are long term effects of exercise?

A

Hypertrophy
Joint flexibility
Musuclar endurance

121
Q

How do you train to build muscle mass?

A

Low reps

High sets

122
Q

How do you train to build muscular endurance?

A

High reps

Low sets

123
Q

What are long term cardiovascular gains of exercise?

A

Bradycardia
Cardiovascular endurance
Ventricular hypertrophy

124
Q

What does ventricular hypertrophy mean for stroke volume?

A

Increases

125
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

When resting heart rate is decreased

126
Q

Why does exercise cause weight loss?

A

The body breaks down fat stores to use glucose for energy

GCSE Physical Education (6 decks)

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