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AS-Level Psychology (AQA) > 7 - Research Methods > Flashcards

7 - Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 stages of testing?

A

1) Observations
2) Writing a hypothesis
3) Designing a study to test the hypothesis
4) Collecting data
5) Analysing results
6) Questions the validity (accuracy) of the study
7) Drawing conclusions

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2
Q

What does ‘control’ mean?

A

The extent to which any variable is held constant

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3
Q

What does ‘mundane realism’ mean?

A

How real a study is in the real world

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4
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

Give an example

A

A variable that affects the DV but isn’t the IV - refers to the participant
Memory, age, mood

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5
Q

What is a confounding variable?

Give an example

A

A variable that affects the DV but isn’t the IV - refers to the study
Time of day, location, materials provided

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6
Q

What does ‘internal validity’ mean?

A

Whether or not the results were due to IV manipulation or other factors (eg. extraneous variables or demand characteristics)

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7
Q

What does ‘external validity’ mean?

A

How well the study can be replicated in another setting with other people

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8
Q

What does ‘ecological valaidity’ mean?

A

How well the study can be replicated in another place

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9
Q

What does ‘population validity’ mean?

A

How well the study can be replicated with other people

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10
Q

What does ‘historical validty’ mean?

A

How well the study can be replicated outside of its historical context

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11
Q

What does ‘temporal validity’ mean?

A

How well the results apply as time goes on

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12
Q

Describe the ‘independent groups’ design

A
  • Participants are placed in separate groups

- Each group does one level of the IV

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13
Q

Describe the ‘matched pairs’ design

A
  • Pairs of participant are matched on key variables (eg. IQ, age etc.)
  • One member of each pair does one of the conditions and the other does the other condition
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14
Q

Describe the ‘repeated measures’ design

A

Each participant takes part in each of the study’s conditions

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15
Q

Describe a laboratory experiment

A
  • An experiment that’s in a controlled

- The IV is manipulated by the researcher

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16
Q

Describe a field experiment

A
  • It’s in the “real world”

- The IV is manipulated by the researcher, DV isn’t controlled

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17
Q

Describe a quasi experiment

A
  • The IV isn’t controlled

- It varies among people

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18
Q

Describe a natural experiment

A

It’s conducted when it’s NOT POSSIBLE to deliberately manipulate the IV

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19
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that suggests there is no difference between the variables being studied

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20
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

States what kind of relationship there is between 2 things

Eg. There will be an increase in the amount remembered in the morning

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21
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

States that there will be a difference between 2 things

Eg. There will be a difference in the amount remembered in the morning and evening

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22
Q

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

A

When you only have one outcome in mind

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23
Q

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

When you have 2 or more outcomes in mind

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24
Q

What is deception?

A

When a participant is NOT told the true aims of the study

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25
Q

What does ‘right to withdraw’ mean?

A

Participants can choose to stop taking part in the study if they feel uncomfortable

26
Q

What does ‘protection from harm’ mean?

A

Participants shouldn’t feel experience physical or psychological harm during/from the experiment

27
Q

What does ‘privacy’ mean?

A

Control over the flow of a person’s information

28
Q

What does ‘confidentiality’ mean?

A

The control of the communication of personal information from one person to another

29
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Participants must be given information about the study, so that they can decide whether they’ll take part or not

30
Q

What is an aim?

A

A statement of what you intend to observe, investigate or discover

31
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

When you predict that there is no difference between what you already have and what you’re investigating

32
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

Predicting the kind of relationship between the variables being investigated

33
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

Predicting that there will be a difference between the variables being investigated

34
Q

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

A

When you have 1 outcome in mind

35
Q

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

When you have 2+ outcomes in mind

36
Q

What is the repeated measures design?

A

Doing different tests that the same group of people take part in

37
Q

What is the independent groups design?

A

Different participants are used in each conditions of an experiment

38
Q

What is the matched pairs design?

A
  • Pairs of participants are matched on a key, relevant variable (eg. age or IQ)
  • One member of the pair is placed in one group and the other in the other group
39
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

Volunteers make up the sample

40
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study

41
Q

What is random sampling?

A

A sample of participants produced using a random technique

42
Q

What is a correlation?

A

The relationship between 2 co-variables

43
Q

What is a correlation co-efficient?

A

A number between -1 and +1 that tells us how closely co-variables are associated

44
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

When two co-variables increase together

45
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

When one co-variable increases, the other decreases

46
Q

What is zero correlation?

A

When there is no relationship between 2 co-variables

47
Q

What is a directional correlation?

A

Saying what type of correlation it is (eg. positive)

48
Q

What is a non-directional correlation?

A

Only saying that there is a correlation, not specifying what type of correlation

49
Q

What is a self-report technique?

A

Where participants provide information about themselves/experiences

50
Q

What is a questionnaire?

A

A self-report technique where the questions are written

51
Q

What is a structured interview?

A
  • Has pre-determined questions

- Doesn’t deviate from these questions

52
Q

What is an unstructured interview?

A

New questions are developed over the course of the interview

53
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A
  • When an observation is carried out in a natural environment
  • The investigator does not interfere with the setting, but only observes the behaviours
54
Q

What is controlled observation?

A

When behaviour is observed under controlled

55
Q

What is covert observation?

A

Observing people without their knowledge

56
Q

What is overt observation?

A

Participants are aware that they’re being studied

57
Q

What is participant observation?

A

Observations made by someone who is participating in the study

58
Q

What is non-participant observation?

A

The observer is separate from the participants

59
Q

What is quantitative data?

A
  • Numbers

- Data which can be measured

60
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data that is observed (not measured)

61
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data collected by you

62
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Data collected by someone else

AS-Level Psychology (AQA) (7 decks)

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