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AS-Level Psychology (AQA) > 6 - Biopsychology (AS-Level) > Flashcards

6 - Biopsychology (AS-Level) Flashcards

The Nervous System The Endocrine System Neurons and Synapses The 'Fight or Flight' Response

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1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the human nervous system?

A

Human NS → Peripheral NS + Central NS

Peripheral NS → Autonomic NS + Somatic NS

Autonomic NS → Sympathetic NS + Parasympathetic NS

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2
Q

What are the 2 sub-divisions of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal chord

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3
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Controls behaviour, bodily processes and muscles

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4
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

Relays messages to/from CNS

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5
Q

What are the 2 sub-divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Somatic and autonomic NS

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6
Q

What is the function of the somatic NS?

A
  • Carries sensory information from the world to the brain

- Provides muscle responses

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7
Q

What is the function of the autonomic NS?

A

It controls involuntary/unconscious actions

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8
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic NS?

A

Involved in triggering responses to help us deal with emergencies (‘Fight or Flight’ response)

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9
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Controls bodily functions when a person is at rest

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10
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
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11
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Used for higher-order functions (eg. planning and logic)

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12
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Integrates information from different senses

- Important for spatial navigation

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13
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processes visual information

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14
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes auditory information

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15
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls motor skills, balance and coordinating the muscles to allow precise movements

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16
Q

What are the 2 parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Acts as a relay station for nerve impulses coming from senses and directing them to the appropriate part of the brain to be processed

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18
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Regulates body temperature, hunger and thirst
  • Controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
  • Links the endocrine and nervous system together
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19
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A
  • Controls automatic functions (eg. heartbeat, breathing and swallowing
  • Connects the brain and spinal cord, allowing impulses to travel between them via motor and sensory neurons
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20
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A network of glands throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones

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21
Q

What are some glands in the ES?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thymus
  • Pancreas
  • Thyroid and parathyroid
  • Pineal
  • Reproductive organs
22
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and are carried to target sites throughout the body

23
Q

What kind of cells respond to particular hormones? Why?

A

Target cells - they have receptors for their respective hormone

24
Q

How is the ES regulated?

A

The ES is regulated by negative feedback

1) A signal prompts the ES to produce a hormone
2) The hormone is released in response to the stimulus and/or signals
3) As levels rise int he bloodstream, a second signals slows down the secretion of that hormone
4) This results in in stable concentration of hormones circulating in the bloodstream

25
Q

What does the hypothalamus control and what controls it?

A
  • It controls many bodily functions

- It is controlled by the hypothalamus

26
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Produces hormones that control the release of hormones from other glands
  • Regulates many bodily functions
27
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A
  • Supports bodily functions (eg. cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory functions)
  • Causes physiological changes associated with arousal
  • Prepares the body for the ‘Fight or Flight’ response
28
Q

What are the parts that make up each adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

29
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Cortisol

30
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

31
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Produce:

  • eggs
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
32
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Produce sperm and testosterone

33
Q

What does summation mean?

A

The adding up of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

34
Q

Draw/describe a summation graph

A

EPSP → IPSP → EPSP → IPSP → EPSP - stimulus at threshold → depolarisation → action potential → repolarisation → refractory period → resting state

35
Q

What does a neuron do?

A

They carry information in action potentials (electrical impulses)

36
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurons?

A
  • Sensory neuron
  • Relay neuron
  • Motor neuron
37
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

Receives information from stimuli

38
Q

What is the function of a relay neuron?

A

Transmits information from sensory neurons to motor neurons

39
Q

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A

Control muscle movement to respond to stimuli

40
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

The communication between neurons at synapses via neurotransmitters

41
Q

What are the 8 components of a neuron?

A
  • Axon terminal
  • Axon (schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier, myelin sheath)
  • Cell body (nucleus)
  • Dendrites
42
Q

Describe the process of synaptic transmission

A

1) Action potential/neurotransmitter (NT) arrives at axon terminal
2) NT is packed into vesicles
3) Vesicles fuse with cell membrane of the presynaptic terminal
4) NT diffuses across the synapse
5) NT binds to the postsynaptic receptors
6) Excess NT is broken down or recycled by reuptake channels

43
Q

What are 2 types of postsynaptic potential?

A
  • Excitatory PSP

- Inhibitory PSP

44
Q

What is excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

When an excitatory neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic receptor which results in EPSP, making it more likely that the cell will fire an action potential

45
Q

What is inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

When an inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic receptor which results in IPSP, making it less likely that the cell will fire an action potential

46
Q

What are 2 types of summation?

A
  • Temporal summation

- Spatial summation

47
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

The quick firing of one presynaptic neuron

48
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Lots of small signals happening at different synapses

49
Q

How does the body initially deal with stress?

A

Acute/chronic stressor → amygdala → hypothalamus → autonomic NS → sympathetic NS → response

50
Q

How does the body respond to acute stressors?

A

Sympathetic NS → adrenal cortex → cortisol → parasympathetic NS

Sympathetic NS → adrenal medulla → adrenaline parasympathetic NS

AS-Level Psychology (AQA) (7 decks)

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