2 - Memory Flashcards
What are the 3 types of memory?
- Sensory register (SR)
- Short-term memory (STM)
- Long-term memory (LTM)
What is in the sensory register?
Information that is discovered by the senses
What is in the STM?
Memory of events in the present or immediate past
What is in the LTM?
Memory of events that have happened in the more distant past
What does capacity mean?
How much information can be stored in memory
What does duration mean?
How long memories can last for before it’s no longer available
What does coding mean?
The different formats the brain uses to store memories
What are the 2 types of coding?
Acoustic and semantic coding
What does acoustic coding mean?
Information in the form of sounds
What does semantic coding mean?
Information in the form of meaning
What is the capacity, duration and coding type of the SR?
- CAPACITY - very large
- DURATION - 0.25 seconds
- CODING TYPE - modality specific (depends on the sensory organ)
What is the capacity, duration and coding type of the STM?
- CAPACITY - 7±2
- DURATION - 15-30 seconds
- CODING TYPE - acoustic
What is the capacity, duration and coding type of the LTM?
- CAPACITY - unlimited
- DURATION - (potentially) a lifetime
- CODING TYPE - semantic
Describe the multi-store model of memory
FILL IN THIS CARD
FILL IN THIS CARD
FILL IN THIS CARD
1) Sensory register is stimulated by an environmental stimulus
2) If attention is payed, the stimulus will move to the STM. If not, it will decay after less than 1 second
3)
What was the aim of Miller’s 7±2 study (1956)?
To investigate the capacity of STM
What was the method of Miller’s 7±2 study (1956)?
Miller reviewed literature of published investigations into perception and STM, from the 30s to the 50s
What were the results of Miller’s 7±2 study (1956)?
Existing research suggested that organising stimulus input into a series of chunks allows STM to cope with around 7 chunks
What was the conclusion of Miller’s 7±2 study (1956)?
Encoding (organisation) can extend the capacity of STM and enable more information to be stored there
What was the aim of Peterson and Peterson’s duration of STM study (1959)?
To investigate how short intervals of
What was the method of Peterson and Peterson’s duration of STM study (1959)?
- 24-student sample
- 48 trigrams were presented to ppts to remember
- Ppts had to look at cards with 3 digit numbers on them and count back in 3s or 4s for an interval of 3-18 seconds
- At the end of the interval, ppts needed to recall the trigram
What were the findings of Peterson and Peterson’s duration of STM study (1959)?
- Longer intervals = less accurate recall
- At 3 seconds, 80% of the trigrams were correctly recalled
- At 18 seconds, 10% were correctly recalled
What was the conclusion of Peterson and Peterson’s duration of STM study (1959)?
STM has a limited duration of around 18 seconds
What was the aim of Bahrick’s duration of LTM study (1975)?
To investigate the duration of LTM
What was the method of Bahrick’s duration of LTM study (1975)?
- Sample of 392 American graduates
- Ppts were shown photos from their yearbook - they had to identify their names from a given list
What were the findings of Bahrick’s duration of LTM study (1975)?
- 90% of ppts were able to match names to faces 14 years after graduation
- 60% of ppts were able to match names to faces 47 years after graduation
What was the conclusion of Bahrick’s duration of LTM study (1975)?
People could remember certain types of information for almost a lifetime
What are the components of the working memory model?
- Sensory memory
- Central executive
- Phonological loop
- Episodic buffer
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- LTM
What is the function of the central executive?
Controls the phonological loop, episodic buffer and visuo-spatial sketchpad
What is the function of the phonological loop?
Stores verbal information
What is the function of the episodic buffer?
Integrated information from the central executive, phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad
What is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Stores visual information
What was the aim of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual task study (1974)?
To investigate if participants can use different parts of their working memory at the same time
What was the method of Baddeley and Hitch’s dual task study (1974)?
Ppts had to do 2 tasks at the same time: a digit span test (repeating a list of numbers) and a verbal reasoning test (true or false)