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PSYC 325 - Midterm 2 > 7. Race & Gender > Flashcards

7. Race & Gender Flashcards

1
Q

what age do kids start to identify gender

A

age 2
- superficially ( “girl because they have long hair and wear a dress” )

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2
Q

what about gender stereotypes

A

same age (2)
– more extensive in early childhood -> Fixated, rigid, don’t think you can deviate from this at all

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3
Q

what happens at age 7-9

A

Deeper understanding of gender as stable and socially influenced also begins later in childhood

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4
Q

define race

A

Based on physical traits typically shared between members of a group

  • Eg: black
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5
Q

define ethnicity

A

Based on cultural identity and traditions typically shared between members of a group

  • Eg: Latinos
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6
Q

what are race and ethnicity?

A

social constructions !

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7
Q

when can children sort individuals according to race/ethnicity?

A

By 3-4 years (Superficially based – outward appearance)

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8
Q

when are aware of stereotypes associated with race, show racial biases?

A

6-10 years
Typically dominant groups show in-group preference (preference for their own race)

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9
Q

when do ideas about gender start to diverge?

A

age 4-6

boys -> action
girls -> romance

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10
Q

what is different about boys?

A
  • play more video games
  • choose more “boy media” because of cultural expectations
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11
Q

attitudes toward race?

A
  • we favour content featuring our own race/ethnicity
    • Consistently throughout development
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12
Q

gender factors in amount of media consumption ?

A

boys spend more time with video games, girls spend more time with music
- Similar time spent with TV and movies

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13
Q

race factors in amount of media consumption ?

A
  • Total screen consumption lower for white youth (but no differences in music or print consumption)
    • Varies greatly
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14
Q

what has a larger influence on media preference: race or gender?

A

gender
eg: Dora = highly appealing for Latinas, less so for Latinos because Dora is a girl

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15
Q

limitation of gender representation research & race and ethnicity?

A

Vast majority has been done in North America

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16
Q

gender representations in picture books?

A

Historically, heavily stereotyped
- contemporary = more similar gender portrayals but still some stereotypes (contemporary has fairly even gender splits)

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17
Q

what about old books?

A

still have an influence because they are still around.
More male characters being active, female characters doing household labours

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18
Q

books for older children?

A
  • Also often use stereotyped representations
  • Benevolent sexism
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19
Q

Benevolent sexism

A

Women in traditional roles idealized, women seen as delicate and overly romantic
- Especially in romance novels

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20
Q

QUANTITY AND CHARACTERISTIC of gender in TV & MOVIES

A

For every 1 female character → 2.5 male characters

often stereotyped
For every 1 woman in STEM → 7-8 men

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21
Q

difference between men and women

A

WOMEN
- focus on appearance and sexual appeal
- more fearful
- better liked
- more often at home
- more family-orientated (caregiving with family)

MEN
- pursue and practice of sex
- more aggressive
- more likely to be out working
- incompetent in home and family

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22
Q

representation in viddy games:

A

90% male playable characters
50% female
Female characters more likely to be presented as bystanders, needing to be rescued, and/or nurturing

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23
Q

GENDERED THEMES IN MEDIA

A
  • Gendered ideas of bodies
  • Gendered ideas of sex
  • Men as serious and powerful; women as emotional and passive
  • A woman’s place is in the home
24
Q

TRANSGENDER REPRESENTATION?

A

very small but increasing
42 people represented in 2021
- not representative

25
Q

impact of trans representation?

A

Media may be the first time many encounter (out) transgender individuals

  • For trans individuals → generate awareness, as comparisons
  • First experience for some may be through media
26
Q

QUANTITATIVE REPRESENTATION of race & ethnicity in GENERAL MEDIA?

A
  • More white characters on TV than exist in the population
  • Accurate for black people
  • Other ethnic portrayals tend to be underrepresented
    • Latinx → 3% characters, vs. 15% in pop.
    • Asian → 3% vs. 4-5%
    • Indigenous → very small
27
Q

QUANTITATIVE REPRESENTATION of race & ethnicity in CHILDREN’S MEDIA?

A

Tends to be more diverse!

  • Range across programs/genres
    • Educational → very diverse (50%)
28
Q

exposure to media stereotypes often associated with

A

lower self-esteem

  • May not even need to be negative stereotypes
    • Because of the extremely small amount of depictions in general
29
Q

who is more at risk to experience lower self-esteem due to media representation?

A

marginalized groups (indigenous, asian)

30
Q

Negative correlation with media consumption and self-esteem

A
  • Particularly for APPEARANCE and SOCIAL self-esteem (not performance)
31
Q

which types of media were these associated with

A

soap operas, movies

32
Q

FACTORS

A
  • Gender
  • Ethnic identity
    • More ethnic identity → lower self-esteem
    • GENERALLY stronger ethnic identity can buffer against negative depictions (less effect on self-esteem) but not here
33
Q

Social identity theory

A
  • Group membership helps construct our identity
  • Try to create a positive identity by comparing features of our in-group vs out-groups
    • We generally want to see our group as better than the other
34
Q

Social identity threat (stereotype threat)

A
  • Group membership is part of social identity
  • Encounter negative stereotype in media
  • Leads to:
    • Negative emotions
    • Stress response
    • Worry of conforming to negative view
  • Media depictions → social identity threat
35
Q

what has a larger influence on media preference: race or gender?

A

gender
eg: Dora = highly appealing for Latinas, less so for Latinos because Dora is a girl

36
Q

how are black people portrayed historically

A

dominated by negative archetypes

  • Subservient
  • Black men: lazy, poor, jobless
  • Black women: angry
37
Q

when did more idyllic represntations begin and what were they

A

1960s
- Successful black family”
- Loving, intact, dad’s a doctor, live in the suburbs
- Race NOT mentioned

38
Q

was this positive or negative impact?

A

negative
Created conflict between idyllic representation and real life → you could be successful, why aren’t you?

39
Q

contemporary sterotypes of black ppl?

A
  • Less respected, less prestige
  • More disheveled
  • Overrepresented as criminals, underrepresented as victims
    –only 50% ppl arrested irl are black
    –media tells us it is 74-84% -> WAY HIGHER
40
Q

how are latinx portrayed in media

A

stereotypical, negative characteristics

  • Sex objects
  • Rarely as having high-status jobs
  • Lack of intelligence, accented
  • Associated with crime → either criminals or cops
41
Q

modern depictions of latinx?

A

more complex with diverse backgrounds
- changing slightly

42
Q

how are asians portrayed

A

Such low representation that less is known about the characteristics of portrayal → 3-4% of characters are Asian

often homogenous:
“Model minority” stereotype → linked with intelligence, strong family values, strong work ethic, passive

  • Or, portrayed as villains
    • Common in video games and action movies
    • Particularly men
    • Often comes up during political tension between Asian countries and NA
43
Q

how does positive stereotype affect asian groups

A
  • Homogenizes group
  • Puts pressure on Asian individuals to succeed and be intelligent
44
Q

indigenous?

A

Very, very, very low representation → 0-1%

Study analyzed 20 years of TV = found 3 Indigenous characters…
- Also represented as homogenous
- May be depicted as aggressive and uncivilized
- May be depicted as wise and connected with nature

45
Q

impact of indigenous invisibility?

A

invisibility can lead people to believe this is a historic group

46
Q

PORTRAYAL OF MIDDLE EASTERN INDIVIDUALS

A

💡 New area of study, less known!

  • Depiction of Middle Eastern men as terrorists
    • Eg: TV show → 24
  • Post 9/11 films and video games
    • Stereotypes come from political tensions
47
Q

PORTRAYAL OF MULTIRACIAL INDIVIDUALS?

A

Very little has been studied
- Needs better representation

48
Q

IMPACT ON BELIEFS: Cultivation theory

A

over time, exposure to media content shifts our understanding of reality

  • Shapes our worldview, what we think to be true in reality when it is not realistically depicted
49
Q

GENDER ROLE BELIEFS with increased media consumption

A

endorsement of traditional gender stereotypes

  • More likely to think of women as passive and men as aggressive
50
Q

factors of genre?

A
  • stronger for soap operas, talk shows, reality TV
    • Less so for prime time
51
Q

what does exposure to stereotyped content linked to?

A

exposure to violent and sexist video games -> increased gender sterotypes
- less empathy for female victims of violence

52
Q

what does sexually violent media with submissive characters predict

A

negative attitudes towards women

53
Q

what moderates these findings?

A

identification with characters and perceived realism

54
Q

what happens when you show stereotyped clip to grade 5s

A

an increase in stereotypes for both boys and girls

Showing a gender neutral clip → decreased stereotypes

💡 Watching gender stereotypical content as young as grade 5 can shape beliefs

55
Q

in youth: exposure to positive stereotypes can lead to…

A

more positive out-group attitudes

PSYC 325 - Midterm 2 (7 decks)

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