7: People in Groups Flashcards
What types of group are there?
Common bond
Common identity
Aggregates
What is a common bond group?
Focused on relationships with other group members such as young mothers in a baby group
Normally for individual benifit
Favoured by women
What is a common identity group?
Focused on the identity of the group as a whole.
Benifits the whole group
Favoured by men
What is an aggregate group?
A group of people that aren’t tied together such as people in a waiting room
What are the two stances that researchers can take when looking into group behaviour?
Individualistic
Collectivistic
What is the individualistc stance in looking into group behaviour?
Treating behaviour as an additive effect of people interacting with each other. Groups are just people operating together
What is the collectivistic stance in looking into group behaviour?
The group as a whole is responsible for ow it operates. When people are in groups, they operate differently to how they would behave as an individual
What is cohesiveness
The property of a group that binds them together and gives them meaning. It’s higher if we share similar features with them
What is social facilitation?
When we are around people, we become aroused and perform better on simple tasks
What is social inhebition?
When performing a difficult task around others, we perform worse
What is Zajonc drive theory?
We are innately aroused in the presence of others.
If the response is simple, it leads to social facilitation, if it’s difficult, it leads to social inhebition
Which tasks lead to social inhebition?
Difficult ones
Which tasks lead to social facilitation?
Easy ones
Who came up with the evauation apprehension model?
Cottrell
What is the evaluation apprehension model?
Arousal happens because we learn that we are going to be evaluated by others
What is distraction conflict theory?
The presence of others creates an attentional conflict because we don’t know who to play attention to.
We don’t need as many recourses for easy tasks so there’s less effect
What is the Ringelmann effect?
The bigger the group we’re working in, the less we contribute
What are two explanations for the Ringelmann effect?
Coordination loss
Motivation loss
What is social loafing?
Reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task
What is the free-ride effect?
Someone who exploits shared public recourse without contributing to it’s maintence
What are some explanations for social loafing?
Output equity
Evaluative apprehension
Matching to standard
How is output equity used to explain social loafing?
They don’t want to try as hard and assume other people aren’t trying as hard either
How is evaluative apprehension used to explain social loafing?
The presence of others gives anonymity to those who are unmotivated
How is matching to standard used to explain social loafing?
People have no clear performance standard to match
What factors affect social loafing?
Task attractivenss Competitiveness Importance Collectivistic Salient identity
How does task attractivness affect social loafing?
If the task is more appealing, people are less likely to loaf
How does competitiveness affect social loafing?
It can reverse loafing if we’re competing with an outgroup
How does importance affect social loafing?
The more important the task, the more effort we put in
How does collectivism affect loafing?
Collectivistic cultures put in more effort as they care more about the group as a whole
How does salient identity affect social loafing?
Loafing can be stopped if we identify with the group such as wearing group t shirts
What is self-categorisation they?
The self is percieved as interchangable with other ingroup members because that’s what catergory we see ourselves in
What did Hogg discover about attractivness and group identity?
As group identity increases, we switch from personal to social attraction were we’re attracted to who we see as protoypical of the group
Who came up with the steps of group socilisation?
Tuckman
What are the steps of group socilisation?
Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
What is the forming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?
The group is formed and members become familiar with each other
What is the storming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?
Testing boundaries and becoming comfortable in the group
Establishing norms after a period of conflict
What is the norming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?
We have clear norms of what it means to be in the group and this affects behaviour and coherency
What is the performing step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?
We’re used to the norms so they lead to an increase in performance
The group meets their goals
What is the adjourning step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?
The group evaluates if they’ve met their goals, if they have, the group dissolves
What is Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?
Investigation Socilisation Maintenance Resocialization Rememberance
What is the investigation stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?
Should a member be part of the group?
What is the socialization stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?
The new member is socialised into the group
What is the maintenance stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?
Acceptance of the new member and their role is negociated
What is the resocilisation stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?
If the member is marginal, their role is resocialised
What is the rememberance stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?
People leave the group
How do rites of passage affect group commitment?
If the rite of passage to enter the group is unpleasant, their is dissonance so they view the group as more attractive
What is ethnomehodology?
The violation of hidden norms in order to reveal their presence
According to the theory of planned behaviour, what factors affect our intentions?
Subjective norms
Attitude
Perceived behavioural control
What are descriptive norms?
Perception of what behavioours are typically performed
What are injunctive norms?
Perception of what behaviours will be approved or disapproved by a group
What is the individual function of norms?
They specify the range of behaviour that is acceptable in a certain context
What is the group function of norms?
They coordinate the action of members towards the fufillment of group goals
