7: People in Groups

Question 1

What types of group are there?

Answer 1

Common bond

Common identity

Aggregates

Question 2

What is a common bond group?

Answer 2

Focused on relationships with other group members such as young mothers in a baby group

Normally for individual benifit

Favoured by women

Question 3

What is a common identity group?

Answer 3

Focused on the identity of the group as a whole.

Benifits the whole group

Favoured by men

Question 4

What is an aggregate group?

Answer 4

A group of people that aren’t tied together such as people in a waiting room

Question 5

What are the two stances that researchers can take when looking into group behaviour?

Answer 5

Individualistic

Collectivistic

Question 6

What is the individualistc stance in looking into group behaviour?

Answer 6

Treating behaviour as an additive effect of people interacting with each other. Groups are just people operating together

Question 7

What is the collectivistic stance in looking into group behaviour?

Answer 7

The group as a whole is responsible for ow it operates. When people are in groups, they operate differently to how they would behave as an individual

Question 8

What is cohesiveness

Answer 8

The property of a group that binds them together and gives them meaning. It’s higher if we share similar features with them

Question 9

What is social facilitation?

Answer 9

When we are around people, we become aroused and perform better on simple tasks

Question 10

What is social inhebition?

Answer 10

When performing a difficult task around others, we perform worse

Question 11

What is Zajonc drive theory?

Answer 11

We are innately aroused in the presence of others.

If the response is simple, it leads to social facilitation, if it’s difficult, it leads to social inhebition

Question 12

Which tasks lead to social inhebition?

Answer 12

Difficult ones

Question 13

Which tasks lead to social facilitation?

Answer 13

Easy ones

Question 14

Who came up with the evauation apprehension model?

Answer 14

Cottrell

Question 15

What is the evaluation apprehension model?

Answer 15

Arousal happens because we learn that we are going to be evaluated by others

Question 16

What is distraction conflict theory?

Answer 16

The presence of others creates an attentional conflict because we don’t know who to play attention to.

We don’t need as many recourses for easy tasks so there’s less effect

Question 17

What is the Ringelmann effect?

Answer 17

The bigger the group we’re working in, the less we contribute

Question 18

What are two explanations for the Ringelmann effect?

Answer 18

Coordination loss

Motivation loss

Question 19

What is social loafing?

Answer 19

Reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task

Question 20

What is the free-ride effect?

Answer 20

Someone who exploits shared public recourse without contributing to it’s maintence

Question 21

What are some explanations for social loafing?

Answer 21

Output equity

Evaluative apprehension

Matching to standard

Question 22

How is output equity used to explain social loafing?

Answer 22

They don’t want to try as hard and assume other people aren’t trying as hard either

Question 23

How is evaluative apprehension used to explain social loafing?

Answer 23

The presence of others gives anonymity to those who are unmotivated

Question 24

How is matching to standard used to explain social loafing?

Answer 24

People have no clear performance standard to match

Question 25

What factors affect social loafing?

Answer 25

``` Task attractivenss Competitiveness Importance Collectivistic Salient identity ```

Question 26

How does task attractivness affect social loafing?

Answer 26

If the task is more appealing, people are less likely to loaf

Question 27

How does competitiveness affect social loafing?

Answer 27

It can reverse loafing if we're competing with an outgroup

Question 28

How does importance affect social loafing?

Answer 28

The more important the task, the more effort we put in

Question 29

How does collectivism affect loafing?

Answer 29

Collectivistic cultures put in more effort as they care more about the group as a whole

Question 30

How does salient identity affect social loafing?

Answer 30

Loafing can be stopped if we identify with the group such as wearing group t shirts

Question 31

What is self-categorisation they?

Answer 31

The self is percieved as interchangable with other ingroup members because that's what catergory we see ourselves in

Question 32

What did Hogg discover about attractivness and group identity?

Answer 32

As group identity increases, we switch from personal to social attraction were we're attracted to who we see as protoypical of the group

Question 33

Who came up with the steps of group socilisation?

Answer 33

Tuckman

Question 34

What are the steps of group socilisation?

Answer 34

``` Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning ```

Question 35

What is the forming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

Answer 35

The group is formed and members become familiar with each other

Question 36

What is the storming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

Answer 36

Testing boundaries and becoming comfortable in the group Establishing norms after a period of conflict

Question 37

What is the norming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

Answer 37

We have clear norms of what it means to be in the group and this affects behaviour and coherency

Question 38

What is the performing step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

Answer 38

We're used to the norms so they lead to an increase in performance The group meets their goals

Question 39

What is the adjourning step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

Answer 39

The group evaluates if they've met their goals, if they have, the group dissolves

Question 40

What is Moreland and Levine's model of group socilisation?

Answer 40

``` Investigation Socilisation Maintenance Resocialization Rememberance ```

Question 41

What is the investigation stage of Moreland and Levine's model of group socilisation?

Answer 41

Should a member be part of the group?

Question 42

What is the socialization stage of Moreland and Levine's model of group socilisation?

Answer 42

The new member is socialised into the group

Question 43

What is the maintenance stage of Moreland and Levine's model of group socilisation?

Answer 43

Acceptance of the new member and their role is negociated

Question 44

What is the resocilisation stage of Moreland and Levine's model of group socilisation?

Answer 44

If the member is marginal, their role is resocialised

Question 45

What is the rememberance stage of Moreland and Levine's model of group socilisation?

Answer 45

People leave the group

Question 46

How do rites of passage affect group commitment?

Answer 46

If the rite of passage to enter the group is unpleasant, their is dissonance so they view the group as more attractive

Question 47

What is ethnomehodology?

Answer 47

The violation of hidden norms in order to reveal their presence

Question 48

According to the theory of planned behaviour, what factors affect our intentions?

Answer 48

Subjective norms Attitude Perceived behavioural control

Question 49

What are descriptive norms?

Answer 49

Perception of what behavioours are typically performed

Question 50

What are injunctive norms?

Answer 50

Perception of what behaviours will be approved or disapproved by a group

Question 51

What is the individual function of norms?

Answer 51

They specify the range of behaviour that is acceptable in a certain context

Question 52

What is the group function of norms?

Answer 52

They coordinate the action of members towards the fufillment of group goals