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Social Psychology 1 > 7: People in Groups > Flashcards

7: People in Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of group are there?

A

Common bond

Common identity

Aggregates

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2
Q

What is a common bond group?

A

Focused on relationships with other group members such as young mothers in a baby group

Normally for individual benifit

Favoured by women

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3
Q

What is a common identity group?

A

Focused on the identity of the group as a whole.

Benifits the whole group

Favoured by men

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4
Q

What is an aggregate group?

A

A group of people that aren’t tied together such as people in a waiting room

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5
Q

What are the two stances that researchers can take when looking into group behaviour?

A

Individualistic

Collectivistic

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6
Q

What is the individualistc stance in looking into group behaviour?

A

Treating behaviour as an additive effect of people interacting with each other. Groups are just people operating together

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7
Q

What is the collectivistic stance in looking into group behaviour?

A

The group as a whole is responsible for ow it operates. When people are in groups, they operate differently to how they would behave as an individual

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8
Q

What is cohesiveness

A

The property of a group that binds them together and gives them meaning. It’s higher if we share similar features with them

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9
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

When we are around people, we become aroused and perform better on simple tasks

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10
Q

What is social inhebition?

A

When performing a difficult task around others, we perform worse

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11
Q

What is Zajonc drive theory?

A

We are innately aroused in the presence of others.

If the response is simple, it leads to social facilitation, if it’s difficult, it leads to social inhebition

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12
Q

Which tasks lead to social inhebition?

A

Difficult ones

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13
Q

Which tasks lead to social facilitation?

A

Easy ones

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14
Q

Who came up with the evauation apprehension model?

A

Cottrell

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15
Q

What is the evaluation apprehension model?

A

Arousal happens because we learn that we are going to be evaluated by others

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16
Q

What is distraction conflict theory?

A

The presence of others creates an attentional conflict because we don’t know who to play attention to.

We don’t need as many recourses for easy tasks so there’s less effect

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17
Q

What is the Ringelmann effect?

A

The bigger the group we’re working in, the less we contribute

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18
Q

What are two explanations for the Ringelmann effect?

A

Coordination loss

Motivation loss

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19
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task

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20
Q

What is the free-ride effect?

A

Someone who exploits shared public recourse without contributing to it’s maintence

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21
Q

What are some explanations for social loafing?

A

Output equity

Evaluative apprehension

Matching to standard

22
Q

How is output equity used to explain social loafing?

A

They don’t want to try as hard and assume other people aren’t trying as hard either

23
Q

How is evaluative apprehension used to explain social loafing?

A

The presence of others gives anonymity to those who are unmotivated

24
Q

How is matching to standard used to explain social loafing?

A

People have no clear performance standard to match

25
Q

What factors affect social loafing?

A 
Task attractivenss
Competitiveness
Importance
Collectivistic 
Salient identity
26
Q

How does task attractivness affect social loafing?

A

If the task is more appealing, people are less likely to loaf

27
Q

How does competitiveness affect social loafing?

A

It can reverse loafing if we’re competing with an outgroup

28
Q

How does importance affect social loafing?

A

The more important the task, the more effort we put in

29
Q

How does collectivism affect loafing?

A

Collectivistic cultures put in more effort as they care more about the group as a whole

30
Q

How does salient identity affect social loafing?

A

Loafing can be stopped if we identify with the group such as wearing group t shirts

31
Q

What is self-categorisation they?

A

The self is percieved as interchangable with other ingroup members because that’s what catergory we see ourselves in

32
Q

What did Hogg discover about attractivness and group identity?

A

As group identity increases, we switch from personal to social attraction were we’re attracted to who we see as protoypical of the group

33
Q

Who came up with the steps of group socilisation?

A

Tuckman

34
Q

What are the steps of group socilisation?

A 
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
35
Q

What is the forming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

A

The group is formed and members become familiar with each other

36
Q

What is the storming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

A

Testing boundaries and becoming comfortable in the group

Establishing norms after a period of conflict

37
Q

What is the norming step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

A

We have clear norms of what it means to be in the group and this affects behaviour and coherency

38
Q

What is the performing step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

A

We’re used to the norms so they lead to an increase in performance

The group meets their goals

39
Q

What is the adjourning step of group socilisation according to Tuckman?

A

The group evaluates if they’ve met their goals, if they have, the group dissolves

40
Q

What is Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?

A 
Investigation
Socilisation
Maintenance
Resocialization
Rememberance
41
Q

What is the investigation stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?

A

Should a member be part of the group?

42
Q

What is the socialization stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?

A

The new member is socialised into the group

43
Q

What is the maintenance stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?

A

Acceptance of the new member and their role is negociated

44
Q

What is the resocilisation stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?

A

If the member is marginal, their role is resocialised

45
Q

What is the rememberance stage of Moreland and Levine’s model of group socilisation?

A

People leave the group

46
Q

How do rites of passage affect group commitment?

A

If the rite of passage to enter the group is unpleasant, their is dissonance so they view the group as more attractive

47
Q

What is ethnomehodology?

A

The violation of hidden norms in order to reveal their presence

48
Q

According to the theory of planned behaviour, what factors affect our intentions?

A

Subjective norms
Attitude
Perceived behavioural control

49
Q

What are descriptive norms?

A

Perception of what behavioours are typically performed

50
Q

What are injunctive norms?

A

Perception of what behaviours will be approved or disapproved by a group

51
Q

What is the individual function of norms?

A

They specify the range of behaviour that is acceptable in a certain context

52
Q

What is the group function of norms?

A

They coordinate the action of members towards the fufillment of group goals

Social Psychology 1 (9 decks)

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