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Principles of Biology (BIO-111) > [7] Mastering Biology > Flashcards

[7] Mastering Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

___ is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

A

O2

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2
Q

___ is a nonprotein organic electron carrier within the electron transport chain.

A

Q (ubiquinone)

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3
Q

___ is a prosthetic group present in several components of the electron transport chain.

A

Fe-S

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4
Q

____ donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

A

NADH

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5
Q

___ is a multi-protein complex within the electron transport chain.

A

Complex III

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6
Q

Of the following lists of electron transport compounds, which one lists them in order from the one containing electrons with the highest free energy to the one containing electrons with the lowest free energy? Note that not all electron transport compounds in the electron transport chain are listed.

A

FADH2 – Fe-S of Complex II – Q – Fe-S of Complex III – Cyt c – Cyt a of Complex IV – O2

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7
Q

Approximately how much more free energy is supplied to the electron transport chain by NADH than by FADH2?

A

8 kcal/mol

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8
Q

What is the correct order of electron transport compounds from best electron donor to best electron acceptor?

A

NADH – Fe-S of Complex I – Q – Fe-S of Complex III – Cyt c– Cyt a of Complex IV – O2

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9
Q

If a mitochondrion ran out of molecular oxygen (O2), predict which of the following situations would occur in its electron transport chain.

A

FMN prosthetic groups would remain reduced and NADH would have nowhere to donate electrons.

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10
Q

Input or Output: Glucose in glycolysis

A

Net input

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11
Q

Net Input or Output: ADP/Glycolysis

A

Net Input

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12
Q

Net Input or Output: NAD+/Glycolysis

A

Net Input

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13
Q

Net Input or Output: ATP/Glycolysis

A

Net Output

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14
Q

Net Input or Output: Pyruvate/Glycolysis

A

Net Output

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15
Q

Net Input or Output: NADH/Glycolysis

A

Net Output

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16
Q

Net Input or Output: NAD+ / Acetyl CoA Formation

A

Net Input

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17
Q

Net Input or Output: Coenzyme A / Acetyl CoA Formation

A

Net Input

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18
Q

Net Input or Output: Pyruvate / Acetyl CoA Formation

A

Net Input

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19
Q

Net Input or Output: NADH / Acetyl CoA Formation

A

Net Output

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20
Q

Net Input or Output: Acetyl CoA / Acetyl CoA Formation

A

Net Output

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21
Q

Net Input or Output: CO2 / Acetyl CoA Formation

A

Net Output

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22
Q

Net Input or Output: Acetyl CoA / Citric Acid Cycle

A

Net Input

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23
Q

Net Input or Output: NAD+ / Citric Acid Cycle

A

Net Input

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24
Q

Net Input or Output: ADP / Citric Acid Cycle

A

Net Input

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25
Q

Net Input or Output: Coenzyme A / Citric Acid Cycle

A

Net Output

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26
Q

Net Input or Output: CO2 / Citric Acid Cycle

A

Net Output

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27
Q

Net Input or Output: NADH / Citric Acid Cycle

A

Net Output

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28
Q

Net Input or Output: ATP / Citric Acid Cycle

A

Net Output

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29
Q

Net Input or Output: NADH / Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Net Input

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30
Q

Net Input or Output: ADP / Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Net Input

31
Q

Net Input or Output: O2 / Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Net Input

32
Q

Net Input or Output: NAD+ / Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Net Output

33
Q

Net Input or Output: ATP / Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Net Output

34
Q

Net Input or Output: H2O / Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Net Output

35
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol/Cytoplasm

36
Q

Where does Acetyl CoA Formation occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

Where does Acetyl CoA Formation occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

38
Q

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

40
Q

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, how is the reducing agent changed?

A

It loses electrons and potential energy.

41
Q

As a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, how is the oxidizing agent changed?

A

It gains electrons and gains potential energy.

42
Q

The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy) result in which of the following?

A

oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2

43
Q

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true?

a) NAD+ is oxidized by the action of dehydrogenase enzymes.
b) NAD+ is the source of electrons used in oxidative phosphorylation.
c) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis.
d) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.

A

c) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis.

44
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in animal cells?

A

cytosol

45
Q

Which chemical process generates the ATP produced in glycolysis?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

46
Q

Which chemical process generates the ATP produced in the citric acid cycle?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

47
Q

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the NAD+ molecule becomes

A

reduced

48
Q

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods?

A

They have a large number of electrons associated with hydrogen.

49
Q

Which of the following sequences represents the correct order in which metabolic reactions occur during the complete oxidation of glucose through aerobic respiration?

a) glucose → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → electron transport chain
b) glucose → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain
c) glucose → pyruvate oxidation → glycolysis → electron transport chain → citric acid cycle
d) glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
e) glucose → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain

A

d) glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

50
Q

Approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the electron transport chain is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

0%

51
Q

Approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

100%

52
Q

Glycolysis results in a net production of which of the following molecules from each molecule of glucose?

A

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

53
Q

Why is glycolysis described as having an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase?

A

Early steps consume energy from ATP, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH.

54
Q

Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct?

a) The citric acid cycle produces most of the ATP that is subsequently used by the electron transport chain.
b) The oxidation of compounds by the citric acid cycle requires molecular oxygen.
c) The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.
d) The citric acid cycle oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide.
e) The citric acid cycle depends on the availability of NAD+, which is a product of glycolysis.

A

c) The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.

55
Q

The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound?

A

water

56
Q

A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?

A

It is stored in NADH and FADH2

57
Q

Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct?

a) The energy for production of ATP from ADP comes directly from a gradient of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
b) The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.
c) Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis requires oxygen.
d) Oxygen participates directly in the reaction that makes ATP from ADP and P.
e) The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP occurs only in eukaryotic cells because it occurs in mitochondria.

A

b) The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.

58
Q

Which one of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct?

a) The oxidation of NADH is directly coupled to the reduction of oxygen to water.
b) The electron transport chain takes electrons from water and gives them to oxygen.
c) The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled with the synthesis of ATP.
d) NADH gains electrons in the initial reaction of the electron transport chain.
e) The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane.

A

e) The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane.

59
Q

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located in a eukaryotic cell?

A

inner mitochondrial matrix

60
Q

Which of the following molecules donates electrons directly to the electron transport chain at the highest energy level?

A

NADH

61
Q

Which of the following molecules donates electrons directly to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

A

FADH2

62
Q

What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

to serve as an acceptor for electrons and protons, forming water

63
Q

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which of the following pathways?

A

citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

64
Q

The oxygen atoms used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration are derived from which of the following molecules?

A

molecular oxygen (O2)

65
Q

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?

A

energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase

66
Q

Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized?

A

inner membrane

67
Q

What is the source of the energy used to generate the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

redox reactions in the electron transport chain

68
Q

In the complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration, how many molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

4

69
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, what carbon sources can be metabolized by yeast cells to produce ATP from ADP?

A

glucose

70
Q

Which of the following metabolic pathways occur(s) in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells?

A

glycolysis and fermentation

71
Q

Which of the following metabolic pathways occur(s) in mitochondria?

A

Acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle

72
Q

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation?

A

glycolysis

73
Q

Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of

A

ATP, CO2, ethanol

Principles of Biology (BIO-111) (17 decks)

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