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Principles of Biology (BIO-111) > [2] Vocabulary - The Chemical Context of Life > Flashcards

[2] Vocabulary - The Chemical Context of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

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2
Q

scatter plot

A

a graph in which each piece of data is represented by a point, but individual points are not connected by lines

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3
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture of two or more substances

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4
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

rate of forward reaction equals rate of reverse reaction, concentrations of reactants and products do not change over time

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5
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

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6
Q

proton

A

a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge (mass approximately 1.7x10^-24 grams)

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7
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript

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8
Q

mass number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

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9
Q

chemical reaction

A

the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter

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10
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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11
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)

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12
Q

compound

A

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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13
Q

trace element

A

an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts

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14
Q

pH

A

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.

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15
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule

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16
Q

temperature

A

a measure in degrees of the average thermal energy of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter

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17
Q

atomic mass

A

mass of an atom, equal to mass in grams of 1 mole

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18
Q

essential element

A

A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.

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19
Q

acid

A

substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration (pH=0-6.9)

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20
Q

evaporative cooling

A

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

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21
Q

regression line

A

a line that best describes the behavior of a set of data

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22
Q

ocean acidification

A

The process by which the pH of the ocean is lowered (made more acidic) when excess CO2 dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).

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23
Q

thermal energy

A

Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form.

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24
Q

ionic bond

A

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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25
Q

electron

A

a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical change and a mass about 1/2000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.

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26
Q

mole (mol)

A

The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules.

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27
Q

hydrogen ion

A

the cation H+ of acids consisting of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transferred to the anion of the acid

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28
Q

ionic compound

A

A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt.

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29
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy associated with the relative motion of objects–moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter

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30
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule

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31
Q

reactant

A

a starting material in a chemical reaction

32
Q

base

A

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, a substance with a high pH

33
Q

valence electron

A

an electron in the outermost electron shell

34
Q

adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, by means of hydrogen bonds

35
Q

buffer

A

a solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base to minimize changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution

36
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

37
Q

polar covalent bond

A

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

38
Q

element

A

any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions

39
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1C

40
Q

neutron

A

a subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral) with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom

41
Q

molecular mass

A

the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight

42
Q

product

A

a material resulting from a chemical reaction

43
Q

valence

A

the bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell

44
Q

salt

A

a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound

45
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

46
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

47
Q

radioactive isotope

A

an isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy

48
Q

chemical bond

A

an attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.

49
Q

hydrophilic

A

having an affinity for water

50
Q

molarity

A

a common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

51
Q

kilocalorie

A

a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C

52
Q

electron shell

A

an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

53
Q

hydroxide ion

A

a water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-

54
Q

covalent bond

A

a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

55
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges

56
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

57
Q

hydration shell

A

the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

58
Q

ion

A

an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge

59
Q

joule

A

a unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J

60
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

61
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known

62
Q

hydrophobic

A

having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water

63
Q

atomic nucleus

A

an atom’s dense central core, containing protons and neutrons

64
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom

65
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

66
Q

dalton

A

a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu

67
Q

potential energy

A

the energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)

68
Q

cohesion

A

the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

69
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

70
Q

double bond

A

a double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms

71
Q

solute

A

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

72
Q

isotope

A

one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass

73
Q

single bond

A

a single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

74
Q

aqueous solution

A

a solution in which water is the solvent

75
Q

calorie (cal)

A

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

76
Q

hydronium ion

A

a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+, commonly represented as H+

Principles of Biology (BIO-111) (17 decks)

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