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Principles of Biology (BIO-111) > [1] Chapter Review > Flashcards

[1] Chapter Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean to say that a gene is expressed?

A

Information in DNA is used to make a protein.

All genes contain information about how to make a protein or other product, but when a gene is expressed the information is actively used.

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2
Q

How many different kinds of nucleotides does DNA contain?

A

4: A, C, T, G

DNA contains thousands of nucleotides per strand, and two strands wind together to make a DNA double helix. There are only 4 different kinds of nucleotides in DNA: A, C, T, and G. `

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3
Q

Why doesn’t a skin cell make crystallin protein?

a) Skin cells do not need crystallin for their function.
b) Skin cells use different DNA for their genes.
c) The crystallin gene is not present in skin cells.
d) Skin cells have the crystallin gene but do not express it.

A

a) Skin cells do not need crystallin for their function; and, d) Skin cells have the crystallin gene, but do not express it.

Crystallin protein has a specific function in lens cells, and skin does not make lenses. It would be wasteful to make protein that is not needed, and the crystallin protein might even have a detrimental effect if it were expressed in skin cells. So even though skin cells have the gene to make crystallin, they do not express that gene.

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4
Q

NATURAL OR MANIPULATIVE?

Blood concentrations of BPA in college students are compared to their recent consumption of canned food items.

A

Natural

In a natural experiment, the researcher can conclude that any observed health effects may be related to exposure to the toxic chemical, but establishing direct causation is difficult. Natural experiments are usually limited to establishing correlation, whereas manipulative experiments can more strongly suggest causation.

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5
Q

NATURAL OR MANIPULATIVE?

The feeding behavior of fish in streams that receive acidic runoff from strip mines is compared to the feeding behavior of fish in unaffected streams.

A

Natural

In a natural experiment, the researcher can conclude that any observed health effects may be related to exposure to the toxic chemical, but establishing direct causation is difficult. Natural experiments are usually limited to establishing correlation, whereas manipulative experiments can more strongly suggest causation.

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6
Q

NATURAL OR MANIPULATIVE?

The deformity rate in baby birds from nests in pesticide-sprayed fields is compared to the deformity rate in birds from nests in unsprayed fields.

A

Natural

In a natural experiment, the researcher can conclude that any observed health effects may be related to exposure to the toxic chemical, but establishing direct causation is difficult. Natural experiments are usually limited to establishing correlation, whereas manipulative experiments can more strongly suggest causation.

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7
Q

NATURAL OR MANIPULATIVE?

Tumor development is compared in mice exposed to five dosages of a known carcinogen in the laboratory.

A

Manipulative

In a natural experiment, the researcher can conclude that any observed health effects may be related to exposure to the toxic chemical, but establishing direct causation is difficult. Natural experiments are usually limited to establishing correlation, whereas manipulative experiments can more strongly suggest causation.

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8
Q

NATURAL OR MANIPULATIVE?

Foraging activity levels are compared in tadpoles exposed to four concentrations of toxic metals in the laboratory.

A

Manipulative

In a natural experiment, the researcher can conclude that any observed health effects may be related to exposure to the toxic chemical, but establishing direct causation is difficult. Natural experiments are usually limited to establishing correlation, whereas manipulative experiments can more strongly suggest causation.

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9
Q

NATURAL OR MANIPULATIVE?

Growth of corn plants is compared in field plots sprayed with three different dosages of weed killer.

A

Manipulative

In a natural experiment, the researcher can conclude that any observed health effects may be related to exposure to the toxic chemical, but establishing direct causation is difficult. Natural experiments are usually limited to establishing correlation, whereas manipulative experiments can more strongly suggest causation.

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10
Q

NATURAL OR MANIPULATIVE?

BPA concentrations in the urine of people with diabetes are compared to BPA concentrations in the urine of people without diabetes.

A

Natural

In a natural experiment, the researcher can conclude that any observed health effects may be related to exposure to the toxic chemical, but establishing direct causation is difficult. Natural experiments are usually limited to establishing correlation, whereas manipulative experiments can more strongly suggest causation.

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11
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding evolution?

a) Evolution is the process of change over time that has resulted in the array of organisms found on Earth.
b) Evolution is the process that results in the extinction of species.
c) Evolution is the process of change over an organism’s lifetime.
d) Individual organisms evolve.

A

a) Evolution is the process of change over time that has resulted in the array of organisms found on Earth.

If you had trouble with this question, review the following material: Evolution, the process of change over time, has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on Earth. An organism’s adaptations to its environment are the result of evolution. Adaptations evolve over many generations by the reproductive success of those individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environments. An organism cannot evolve; the process requires multiple generations.

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12
Q

Which of the following statements about biology is most accurate?

a) Asking questions about the living world and seeking answers through scientific inquiry are the central activities of biology.
b) Biologists do not attempt to answer questions about life’s diversity and complexity.
c) Biology is the scientific study of plants.
d) Biological inquiry is a cataloguing of all the processes and properties of life on Earth.

A

a) Asking questions about the living world and seeking answers through scientific inquiry are the central activities of biology.

If you had trouble with this question, review the following material: Biological inquiry is a way of asking questions that makes use of the scientific process, not a simple listing of processes and properties of life. When questions occur to you as you observe the natural world, you are thinking like a biologist.

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13
Q

DNA is composed of building blocks called ____.

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

In eukaryotic cells, DNA has the appearance of a ___.

A

double helix

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15
Q

What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex?

A

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Each level of biological structure builds on the level before it.

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16
Q

No amino acid molecule by itself can speed up or catalyze reactions between other molecules; however, when amino acids are joined together to make a protein with catalytic properties, the new structure (enzymatic protein) can speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction. What does this illustrate?

A

emergent properties

A molecule such as a protein has attributes not exhibited by any of its component parts (e.g., amino acids). Therefore, novel properties are emerging that is not present at a simpler level of organization.

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17
Q

Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

membrane-enclosed organelles

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18
Q

How does DNA encode information?

A

Through a sequence of nucleotides.

Specific sequences of the four nucleotides A, T, C, and G encode the information in genes.

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19
Q

All the organisms on campus make up __

A

a community

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20
Q

Select the most accurate statement about the interaction between a tree and its physical environment.

a) A tree alters its physical environment.
b) A tree is affected by its physical environment.
c) A tree and its physical environment alter each other.

A

c) A tree and its physical environment alter each other.

This answer is the most accurate statement. Read the themes about the interactions among organisms and their physical environment.

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21
Q

The universal genetic language of DNA is common to virtually all organisms on Earth, however diverse. What is the best explanation for this fact?

A

All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry.

The genetic code is arbitrary, at least to some extent. The fact that all organisms share a single genetic code is due to their common ancestry. Read about the core theme of biology: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life.

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22
Q

All of the organisms living in a particular ecosystem are collectively known as a(n)

A

biological community

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23
Q

Many properties of living things involve the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. For example, plant chloroplasts convert energy from sunlight to which of the following forms of energy or matter?

A

chemical energy

24
Q

The primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is

A

light energy

25
Q

All the living things on Earth along with all the places where life exists are collectively described by which of the following terms?

a) population
b) biosphere
c) ecosystem
d) biological community

A

b) biosphere

26
Q

All the living organisms in a particular area along with all the nonliving aspects of the environment with which organisms interact are collectively described by which of the following terms?

a) population
b) ecosystem
c) biosphere
d) biological community

A

b) ecosystem

27
Q

All the individuals of a particular species living within the bounds of a specified area are collectively described by which of the following terms?

a) biosphere
b) biological system
c) biological community
d) population

A

d) population

28
Q

Which of the following types of cells lack(s) a nucleus?

a) archaea
b) fungi
c) animal
d) plant

A

a) archaea

29
Q

Investigating the molecular structure of DNA in order to understand the chemical basis of inheritance is an example of which approach utilized in the study of biology?

A

reductionism

30
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the forms by which energy flows through an ecosystem from entry to exit?

a) chemical → heat → light
b) light → chemical → heat
c) light → heat → chemical
d) heat → chemical → heat

A

c) light → heat → chemical

31
Q

Approximately what proportion of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by burning fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere, contributing to the trapping of heat close to Earth’s surface?

A

50%

32
Q

Which of the following terms describes membrane-enclosed components of cells that carry out specialized functions?

a) organelles
b) organs
c) cells
d) tissues

A

a) organelles

33
Q

Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization from large scale to smaller scale?

a) ecosystems → biosphere → communities → populations → organisms
b) biosphere → ecosystems → communities → populations → organisms
c) communities → populations → organisms → ecosystems → biosphere
d) biosphere → communities → populations → ecosystems → organisms
e) biosphere → ecosystems → populations → communities → organisms

A

b) biosphere → ecosystems → communities → populations → organisms

34
Q

Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms?

A

Eukarya

Plants are multicellular photosynthetic organisms included in the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.

35
Q

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?

a) descent with modification
b) emergent properties
c) DNA structure and function
d) natural selection

A

c) DNA structure and function

36
Q

Living things are divided into three different domains. Which of the domains are classified as prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

37
Q

A single-celled organism isolated from a deep-sea, hot thermal vent was found to have a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. This organism is most likely a member of which of the domains?

A

Archaea

38
Q

Charles Darwin proposed that “descent with modification” resulted when organisms of a particular species become adapted to their environment because they possess which characteristics?

A

heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment

39
Q

Over time, the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four-limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by which concept?

A

natural selection

40
Q

Which of the following statements is a distinguishing characteristic of fungi?

a) converting light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugars
b) obtaining nutrients by ingesting other organisms
c) obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment
d) living in extreme environments like boiling hot springs

A

c) obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment

41
Q

The variation observed among the finches Darwin collected from the Galápagos Islands illustrate which principle associated with the evolution of species?

A

descent with modification

42
Q

Imagine there is a species-specific fishing regulation that mandates that only adult fish of this species that are 75 cm or longer may be kept; shorter fish must be released. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, how would you predict that the average length of the adult fish population might be affected?

A

Length would gradually decrease.

43
Q

In animal populations, DDT causes ___.

A

birth defects

In animals, long-term exposure to DDT can cause death or severe birth defects.

44
Q

DDT is ___-soluble so it accumulates in ___.

A

fat…milk

Fat-soluble DDT accumulates in the fats of milk and from there can be transferred to children.

45
Q

Which of the following statements are true in regards to DDT?

a) DDT does not help prevent disease from passing from agricultural animals to humans.
b) Cost was a major factor in the United States government’s decision to ban DDT.
c) Many African governments concluded that the potential long-term health effects of DDT were not as serious as the immediate problem of insect control.
d) DDT cannot accumulate in the fat of animals.
e) The DDT ban in the United States has made it very difficult to control agricultural insect pests.

A

c) Many African governments concluded that the potential long-term health effects of DDT were not as serious as the immediate problem of insect control.

They concluded that the immediate benefits of DDT outweighed the possible long-term harmful effects.

46
Q

In order for a hypothesis to be used in science, what must be true?

A

The hypothesis is testable and falsifiable.

Hypotheses must be phrased in such a way that predictions can be made and tested. If a hypothesis is false, there must be some way to demonstrate this fact.

47
Q

A controlled experiment is one that ___.

A

tests experimental and control groups in parallel

48
Q

Select the correct statement about the process of scientific inquiry.

a) It is possible to test hypotheses, such as those involving historical events, without conducting experiments.
b) The goal of scientific research is to prove the stated hypothesis.
c) If the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis that is tested, the experiment is badly designed.

A

a) It is possible to test hypotheses, such as those involving historical events, without conducting experiments.

Although it is not possible to carry out experiments to test hypotheses about evolutionary relationships between living groups or about the timing of the origin of major evolutionary innovations, such hypotheses can be evaluated by making predictions about the expected findings that would result from these hypotheses. Data can then be collected to test whether these predictions are correct. Read about the forms of scientific inquiry and the scientific method.

49
Q

In her studies of chimpanzee behavior, Jane Goodall collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

a) Young chimpanzees play games in the trees and on the ground.
b) Chimpanzees typically travel together in small groups.
c) Mothers and their infants typically nap for two to three hours each afternoon.
d) Pairs of animals take turns grooming each other.

A

c) Mothers and their infants typically nap for two to three hours each afternoon.

50
Q

What is a requirement for a good scientific hypothesis?

A

It must lead to testable predictions.

51
Q

Which of the following descriptions constitutes a controlled experiment?

a) setting up a bird feeder and compiling a list of all of the bird species seen at the feeder over a period of several weeks
b) growing one set of 10 seedlings under white light and one set of the same type of seedlings under red light and measuring their growth over a period of two weeks
c) growing one set of 10 seedlings under white light at 30°C and one set of a different type of seedlings under red light at 25°C and measuring their growth over a period of two weeks
d) using a microscope to observe organisms present in a sample of pond water and recording the number of each type of organism observed

A

b) growing one set of 10 seedlings under white light and one set of the same type of seedlings under red light and measuring their growth over a period of two weeks

52
Q

You are a family practitioner. Which of the following patients you see is most likely to need Vitamin D supplements?

a) A woman with light brown skin who works outside year-round.
b) A man with olive skin who lives in Florida.
c) A woman with dark brown skin who lives in Michigan.
d) A man with light skin who spends his winters in Texas.

A

c) A woman with dark brown skin who lives in Michigan.

53
Q

Why is milk often fortified with Vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D is associated with calcium uptake.

54
Q

You are a registered dietician. Which of the following clients is most likely to benefit from taking a fish oil supplement?

a) Someone who eats more than 3 servings of fish per week.
b) Someone who rarely eats fish.
c) Someone who eats 2−3 servings of fish per week.
d) Everyone

A

b) Someone who rarely eats fish.

55
Q

You have your blood tested. The results show that you have adequate levels of Vitamin D. Which of the following would likely be best for you?

a) Take a Vitamin D supplement to reduce your risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
b) Not take a Vitamin D supplement.
c) Take a Vitamin D supplement to reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease.
d) Take a Vitamin D supplement to reduce your risk of cancer.

A

b) Not take a Vitamin D supplement.

Principles of Biology (BIO-111) (17 decks)

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