7 - learning: cognitive approach

Question 1

sensation - definition

Answer 1

how our brain receive stimulus information from our sensory neurons

Question 2

perception - definition

Answer 2

how our brains understand those pieces of information as meaningful ideas

Question 3

memory models - sensory register

Answer 3

1. iconic vision (for vision, lasts about 1 second)
2. echoic memory (for sound, which lasts about four seconds)

Question 4

long term memory - retrieval

Answer 4

• proactive interference: when old information gets in the way of learning new information
• retroactive interference: when new informatoin gets in the way of remembering old information
• state-dependent memory: memory retrieval is improved when the enviornment for encoding is the same as the environment for retrieval

Question 5

transfer of information

Answer 5

• how skills or knowledge that students have learned about one topic affect their learning of skills or knowledge in another topic / area
• positive transfer: helps you apply skills or knowledge to a new topic
• negative transfer: topics hinder each other
• zero transfer: old skills or knowledge have no effect on learning new skills or knowledge

Question 6

divergent thinking - definition

Answer 6

solving problems with many possible solutions

Question 7

convergent thinking - definition

Answer 7

solving problems with a single, correct answer

Question 8

two barriers to creative thinking

Answer 8

1. response sets / habitual ways of solving problems
2. functioning fixedness: thinking about objects or tools in only a single, simple way

Question 9

two ways to apply creative thinking

Answer 9

1. brainstorming: quickly identifying multiple solutions in a group setting
2. working backward strategy: allows for a more detailed, informed view on how and why a problem occurred, leading to a better solution