7. kafli - Psychoanalysis

Question 1

When was Sigmund Freud born?

Answer 1

1856 (died in 1939 in London)

Question 2

Who were Freuds major influences?

Answer 2

ideas of Darwin, Franz Brentano, Ernst Brucke, Josef Breuer. Jean-Martin Charcot.

Question 3

Josef Breuer

Question 4

Jean-Martin Charcot

Question 5

Who was Anna O?

Answer 5

Bertha Pappenheim.

Question 6

What was the catharsis method?

Question 7

Henri Ellenberger

Question 8

What were the three interdependent achievements by Freud in psychoanalysis according to historian Frank Sulloway?

Answer 8

he created
1. a method
2. a theory of the neuroses
3. a theory of the normal mind.

Question 9

Psychoanalysis is a theory of the normal mind. Describe.

Answer 9

Es - Það - Id
Ich - Sjálfið - Ego
Uberich - Yfirsjálf - Superego

Question 10

What is the Id / Það / Es? Describe how it works.

Question 11

What is Ego? Describe how it works?

Question 12

What is Superego? Describe how it works?

Question 13

Explain the interaction between id, ego and superego.

Question 14

Anxiety

Question 15

Who are the Neo-Freudians?

Answer 15

Alfred Adler (1870-1937), Carl Gustav Jung (1875 - 1961) and Karen Horney (1885 - 1952)

Question 16

What was Adlers theory?

Answer 16

Adler did not see libido, the Id’s energy force, as principally sexual. For Adler, sexual pleasure was only one of the goals, he saw libido a a general life force. He presented the ideas in 1911 and Freud opposed. He developed a school of psycoanalysis called individual psychoanalysis. The empasis was on social, not biological, motives as the primary determinants of behaviour etc. (p. 117)

Question 17

What was Jungs main theory?

Question 18

What was Karen Horneys main theory?

Question 19

Describe psychoanalysis as a method?

Answer 19

free association
transference
dream analysis

Question 20

Describe the theory of repression.

Question 21

Explain transference.

Question 22

Who travelled with Freud to the united states in 1909?

Answer 22

Carl Gustav Jung and Sandor Ferenczi

Question 23

1. According to Freud, in what way was a “neurosis” like an abscess?

Question 24

2. What is repression?

Question 25

3. Freud's theory of the human mind included three components, which in English are referred to as id, ego, and super-ego. What are the characteristics of each component?

Question 26

4. Why did Freud use techniques such as free association, hypnosis, and dream analysis?

Question 27

5. How did Freud think that conflicts at various developmental stages led to neuroses?

Question 28

6. In what way was Adler's view of the id different from Freud's initial theory?

Question 29

7. According to Adler, what role did early childhood experiences play in developing an individual's "style of life"?

Question 30

8. Jung decided that the unconscious mind was split into two parts: personal and collective. What characteristics did he think each possessed?

Question 31

9. What argument did Horney use to suggest that "penis envy" was a misguided idea?

Question 32

10. What effects did Horney claim that "womb envy" had on men's behavior?

Question 33

Life Freud's Early Training - Encounters Medical School at his 17 @ University of Wien Took course "General Biology and Darwinism" Several courses from Franz Brentano Worked with Ernst Brücke - the most famous physiologist on his day convinced Freud not to pursue academic career - instead to work in clinical practice as neurologist Met Josef Breuer - a physician & physiologist in Brücke's Lab the Case of Anna O. (Psychology's Rosetta Stone) after the death of her father - she experienced problems headaches partial paralyses periods of overexciment visual disturbances loss of sensation multiple personalities speech difficulties bizarre hallucinations inability to drink using hypnosis Breuer attempted to reach the causes of each symptoms when they were discovered, they resolved with psychotheraphy catharsis method because symptoms are the result of supression of emotions and if they are released -symptoms should disappear 1882 he wrote that he had cured Anna O. in his handwritings - the symptoms relapsed and he had placed Anna in a sanatorium in Switzerland for further cure Did he complete his treatment? Or he closed the case? Freud and Breuer wrote a book together It was Freud's the first book - about Anna O. Anna O. interpretation was the opening point in the first lecture @ Clark University Breuer had an important role in the origins of psychoanalysis development of it was largely based on the work of Freud Received scholarship to study with the neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot at Paris Charcot - peak of his fame for hypnosis & his treatment hysteria Freud influenced by his lectures and public talks Psychoanalysis as a Theory of the Normal Mind Mind model Tripartite construction of the mind Id Present at birth and contains everything is inherited - incl instincts life instincts sex death instincts aggression the most primitive part of the mind the most inaccessible part operates wholly at an unconscious level individual has no direct access to it has no morality - does not know right/wrong only knows what it wants and provides the motivation to reach them immediately seeks pleasure and avoid pain pleasure-seeking energy = libido (sexually based energy) Ego purpose: to help id to satisfy its demands id operates according to -> pleasure principle ego operates according to -> reality principle avoids dealing with moderate stimuli it is the mediator between the id and the external world self-preservation storing up experiences avoiding excessive stimuli dealing with moderate stimuli learning to bring about appropriate modifications in the external world might suppress certain actions or might just delay them until circumstances are more appropriate whereas the id exist at birth and the ego develops shortly thereafter Superego represents individual's moral compass develops in childhood through socializations with parents culture unlike ego, act in direct opposition to the id across individuals, the id would be viewed as a common component of mind, ego and superego differ across individually (because of socialization differences) Psychoanalysis as a Theory of the Neuroses Etiology of neuroses theory Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms the pressure to ego can be enormous high demands overwhelm the ego - anxiety develops concerns about the id demands neurotic anxiety concerns about the superego demands moral anxiety threats from external world objective anxiety defence mechasims ego develops them to deal with these anxieties operate at unconscious level types repression rationalization projection they are base to reduce anxiety but sometimes contribute to psy. problems ( neuroses) repression of anx can create problem, because of psychic energy needed to keep anx repressed personality disorders and neurotic conditions existed because of failure of the three components of the mind to work effectively together Childhood Sexuality sexual desires existed in infancy and throughout the stages of child development cause of hysteria early childhood sexual trauma - rape controversy in the medical establishments and the society made recognition of child molestation seduction theory children were seduced by adults into sexual encounters 1897 - Freud changed his opinion - these recalled memories were not actual events they were fantasies! with reversal of the seduction theory - Freud's child development view was changed development of personality in childhood - psychosexual stages (each stages involved sexual issues to be deal with appropriately) Oral pleasure - sucking Anal starts with 2nd year of life pleasure - expulsion of feces Phallic begins around 4 derived from the genitals and masturbation may begin in this stage described a major sexual conflict in this stage Oedipal complex child has sexual desires for the opposite sex parent names come from Oedipus tragic figure in a fifth century play by Sophocles, who as king, kills his father and marries his mother failure to resolve this complex would lead to serious neuroses successful resolution responsible for the development of the superego Latency 6 years to puberty most sexual impulses are repressed during this stage sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work, hobbies, and friendships Genital puberty to adult time of adolescent sexual experimentation the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20's Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure like during the phallic stage. Psychoanalysis as Method method for research not for experimental research but for use in exploring the mind Freud used number of techniques the information he needed to discover lay deep in the unconsious - protected by unconscious defence mechs. and conscious resistance how would he get an information free association asked his patients to say whatever came to mind the job of therapist: listen to what was being said and what wasn't being said dream analysis he discovered when we psychoanalyzed himself would asked the patient to recall the dream in as much detail as possible would ask Qs - to probe the recall differentiated manifest content as actuaşşy recalled latent content hidden info of the dream real meaning of the dream The Interpretation of Dreams was published - 1900 dreams are the royal roads to the unconsciousness Repression is special for Freud The theory of repression is the main pilar in the therapeutic situation, the patient's repression is aided by two key processes resistance occurred when a patient refused to reveal - because information is too traumatic or too embarrassing transference occurred in therapy when the patient transferred feelings from original object (e.g., from husband, wife, or mom to therapist) love sexual desire hate anger envy Positive transference love represents a positive tr. an aid in therapy in transferring positive feeling about a father to the therapist the patient is endowing the therapist with considerable power would work harder to please the therapist would be more likely to follow the therapist counsel Negative transference hate or anger represent a negative tr. could be destructive required great skill from the therapist to convince the patient to minimize negative impacts of it Psychoanalysis in America Conference for the celebration of 20th anniversary of Clark Univ. Wundt declined the Hall's invitation - 20th anniversary was so funny for him he was busy on those dates, speaking at the anniversary celebration of his own university 500th anniversary of the Univ. of Leipzig ( founded in 1409!) Freud was excited about this invitation in 1909 at age 53, it was important recognition for his work He would also be receiving an honorary doctoral degree from Clark Univ. would give 5 lectures - the star of the show- on psychoanalysis sailed from Germany with two colleagues Carl Jung gave 3 lectures Sandor Ferenczi Freud and Jung would stay Hall's home Freud was anxious abt America trip "I also think that once [the Americans] discover the sexual core of our psychological theories they will drop us." S.F when psychoanalysis first arrived in the USA, the most psychologists ignored it 1920s - psychoanalysis had so captured the public interest - threatened experimental psy the first appearance on the cover of Time magazine in Oct. 1924 American psychologists were shocked There was a theory of mind that postulated important process in mental functioning were wholly unobservable could only be discovered interpretation of dream content psy was not about the study consciousness but about unconsciousness! Psychoanalysis impact on the practice of psychology -particularly - in clinical some assessment tools used by practitioners Projective tests Rorschach Inkblot Test the Thematic Apperception Test on American culture as expressed in art, literature, drama, films, and the language of everyday life Freud's ideas were challenged in academia many of his ideas discarded many of them unable to be put scientific test anecdotal evidence - not empirical evidence criticized for building a theory that couldn't be falsified The Neo-Freudians Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology Karen Horney: A Feminist View of Psychoanalysis earned medical degree from Univ. of Wien after reading the Interpretation of Dreams decided to pursue his carrier on psychiatry join Freud's small discussion group - at his home The first split between Freud and Adler 1911 - elected as the president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society libido id's energy force but it is not principally sexual sexual pleasure was only one of the goals presented these ideas and made Freud furious He left the society with 35 other members (or anathematized?) developed Individual Psychology emphasizes: social not biological motives as the primary determinant of behaviors life style (uniqueness of individuals) individuals sought superiority (think about his childhood) sought to gain mastery over their environment strived for perfection these strivings were part of a goal of seeking a significant life life was more directed to strivings for the future than being under control of past events a collection of qualities responsible for self-consistency in attitudes and behaviors principal component of personality -developed in childhood operates at an unconscious level combination of a number of behavioral and personality variables embodied in social interest activity level particularly important -it was the motivation to contribute positively to the larger human community typology the getting individual the ruling individual the socially useful individual taking but never giving anything back high activity but low little or no social interest high activity and high in social interest popular topics he introduced inferiority complex power motivation birth order the difficulties between Freud and Jung had begun before their trip to USA born in Basel and earned his medical degree from Univ. of Basel Analytical Psychology published his book Psychology of Unconscious divided unconsciousness into two personal unconscious collective unconscious repressed wishes, experiences, and motives racial ancestral memory includes archetypes inherited behavioral tendencies of a mystical nature the self is the most important archetype the self served to integrate both conscious and unconscious personality components the self development = process of individuation in which the person cate to accept her or his archetypes into a unity of personality libido like Adler: saw libido as generalized life energy and not just concerned with sexual pleasures libido could be directed outward toward objects or other persons OR inward, toward self this distinction creates concepts of extranersion vs intraversion made the word association tech. popular Criticized Freud his view of women at psychoanalytic congress in Berlin the first attack on Freud's derogatory views on women Freud: castration complex originates in girls when they realizxe they do not have penis women assume that they used to have a penis but it has been cut off. penis envy results in envy of males Horney: the envy resided instead in males, in the form of womb envy unconsciously men felt inferior and they kept such sexual barriers in place males could maintain their illusory feelings of superiority over women this unconscious inferiority resulted from womb envy never studied with Freud moving to USA - due to the increased racism in 1932 wrote 5 books in the USA emphasized the social factors in life as the principle demands