1. kafli - Prescientific Psychology

Question 1

Hvert er álitið upphaf nútímasálfræði?

Answer 1

the establishment of a research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879 (s.2)

Question 2

What was phrenology?

Answer 2

höfuðkúpan.

Franz Josef Gall 1758-1828

27 ólík faculties

hefur haft áhrif á nútímasálfræði, fiction to fact

phrenologists … measured the shape of the skull of their clients, looking for bumps and indentations that signified talents or deficiencies. (s. 2)

Question 3

What was physiognomy?

Answer 3

Andlitsdrættir
Ennþá notað, faception.com
John Laveter
Cesare Lombroso notaði þetta til að flokka glæpamenn

physiognomists … studied the contours and features of their clients’ faces, making determinations of personality traits and abilities based on things such as the shape of a person’s nose, the height of the cheekbones, or the distance between the eyes. (s. 2)

Question 4

What was mesmerism?

Answer 4

mesmerists … used forms of hypnosis to encourage changes in their clients’ behaviors.

Question 5

What were seers and clairvoyants?

Answer 5

Spiritulistar

Leonora Pipers var miðill sem William James sótti í eftir að sonur hans dó.

Phineas Parkhurst Quinby var menta healing

seers and clairvoyants … claimed to predict the future and thus advise clients about their current and future actions.

Question 6

What was a graphologists?

Answer 6

graphologists … made psychological assessments based on the characteristics of their clients’ handwriting.

Question 7

What was mental philosophy?

Answer 7

Demonstrating the centuries‐long influence of British empiricism, the focus of mental philosophy was on sensation and perception, usually referred to as properties of the intellect, although the intellect also included other cognitive processes such as attention, learning, memory, and thinking. In addition, mental philosophy covered the emotions (often called sensibilities) and the will, including debates on determinism versus free will This tripartite treatment—intellect, sensibilities, and will—defined the extant academic psychology in America when laboratory experimental psychology arrived from Germany. (s. 3)

Question 8

What was spiritualism?

Answer 8

Leonora Piper
Willaim James
Phineas Parkhurst Quinby

Question 9

What was mental healing?

Answer 9

Phienas Parkhurst Quinby

Question 10

Hver var Franz Josef Gall? (1758 - 1828)

Answer 10

Upphafsmaður phreneology, it began in the work of German anatomist, Franz Josef Gall (1758–1828), who believed that different parts of the brain were responsible for different intellectual, emotional, and behavioral functions. (s. 4)

seinna kom MJP Flourens (1794 - 1867) og kvað hann í kútinn.

Question 11

What was the Fowler System?

Question 12

Hver var upphafsmaður physiognomy?

Answer 12

Johann Lavater (1741–1801).

Cesare Lombroso greindi glæpamenn eftir útliti

Physiognomy, the evaluation of a person’s character, intellect, and abilities based on facial features.

Physiognomy, also called characterology, began in the eighteenth century, based on the work of a Swiss theologian, Johann Lavater (1741–1801). His book, Essays on Physiognomy, was published in 1775 and predated the phrenological ideas of Gall. However, the system never gained the popularity of phrenology. Lavater’s system emphasized the eyes, nose, chin, and forehead as the principal indicators of intelligence, sense of humor, sympathy, morality, and other characteristics.

Question 13

Sadly, physiognomy, like phrenology, was also used to “validate” ethnic and racial stereotypes. hver var þar fremstur

Answer 13

For a while, physiognomy gained credibility in the field of criminology, largely because of the work of an Italian anthropologist/ criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), whose work in that field earned him nominations for the Nobel Prize.

Question 14

Hver var upphafsmaður mesmerisma?

Answer 14

Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815) was an Austrian physician who, in 1775, discovered that he could relieve medical and psychological symptoms in his patients by passing magnets over their bodies. He called his procedure animal magnetism, although it would become better known as mesmerism. Soon Mesmer found that he could achieve the same results without the magnets by just passing his hands over the patient’s body.

Question 15

Spiritualism, the New Thought Movement, Christian Science, and mental healing were developments in the second half of the nineteenth century, based largely in the New England states.

Answer 15

American spiritualism began in 1848 with reports of two adolescent sisters who were able to communicate with a ghost residing in their New York farmhouse. Belief in spirits and unseen energies was perhaps bolstered by the invention of the wireless telegraph and by the scientific discovery of Roentgen rays

Question 16

Whereas most psychologists regarded spiritualism as chicanery, William James, the noted American psychologist and philosopher and Münsterberg’s colleague at Harvard, emphatically did not.

Answer 16

James spent many years investigating paranormal claims. He was especially impressed with the séances of Leonore Piper (1857–1950), a famous American medium.

Question 17

Mental healing had direct ties to mesmerism and spread across North America in many forms. Its origin was in New England in the 1850s and is often referred to as the “mind cure” movement or “new thought” movement.

Answer 17

The movement’s originator was Phineas Parkhurst Quimby (1802–1866) who had practiced for a decade as a mesmerist before formulating his own theory and method of mental healing. Quimby believed that many diseases had causes that were entirely mental and that other diseases were exacerbated by mental conditions. He was especially critical of physicians, arguing that they often harmed their patients by inducing negative thoughts that prevented or delayed recovery.

Quimby believed that cure resided in the mental powers of the individual and not in the medical practices of physicians. Shown the way to “right thinking,” individuals were wholly capable of curing themselves.

Question 18

Among the clients for mind cure therapy was psychologist William James whose interest in spiritualism has already been mentioned.

Answer 18

James was greatly interested in mind cure, spiritualism, and indeed, all paranormal phenomena, and his involvement in these activities was of considerable embarrassment to his colleagues in the new science of psychology.

Question 19

mind cure would play a role in the development of psychotherapy in the twentieth century in what would be called the Emmanuel Movement, a movement that blended religion, medicine, and psychology (see Caplan, 1998; Gifford, 1997).

Answer 19

When the science of psychology arrived in North America in the 1880s to occupy its new laboratories, it found itself in conflict with this public psychology of phrenologists, physiognomists, mesmerists, spiritualists, and mental healers. The new scientific psychologists were using their brass instruments to study the nature of visual and auditory processes and to measure the speed of mental processes such as the time involved in thinking.

Question 20

The pseudoscientific psychologies represented a significant foe. Yet other opposition came from within the halls of the academy, from within the very university philosophy departments that housed the new psychologists. Hvaða?

Answer 20

This opponent was mental philosophy.

Question 21

The Road to Mental Philosophy

In reading many histories of psychology, it would be easy to form the impression that there was no academic psychology in North America when the experimental science of psychology arrived in the 1880s. The new experimental psychologists would take up residence in departments of philosophy because there were no departments of psychology.

Answer 21

Typical among the extant offerings of those departments was a course on mental philosophy that might be a semester or two semesters in duration, typically offered to students in their junior or senior years, sometimes in conjunction with a course entitled moral philosophy (that covered topics such as morality, conscience, virtue, religion, love, justice, and civic duty).

Mental philosophy, as taught in North American universities in the nineteenth century, had its origins principally in seventeenth‐century England, beginning with the writings of John Locke.

Locke’s ideas still dominated 200 years later but would be joined by the work of the Scottish realists.

These philosophers created an empirical science of the mind that sought answers to many of the same questions that would be addressed by the new experimentalists. Furthermore, they created a home for the new psychology in the university curriculum (Fuchs, 2000).

Question 22

What was British Empiricism?

Answer 22

John Locke (1632 - 1704) David Hume George Berkeley (1685 - 1753)
Tabula rasa

öll þekking kemur í gegnum skynjun (sensation) og íhugun (reflection) meaning interaction of new sensations and ideas already in the mind from early sensations or from thought processes independent of any new sensation.

for Berkely var öll þekking byggð á reynsl einstaklings og allt í kring var bara til eins og það var skynjað.

J.S. Mills 1843 A System of Logic hafði mikil áhrif á Wundt 35 árum seinna.

Question 23

What was Scottish Realism?

Answer 23

Thomas Reid skoskur prestur (1710-1796)
common sense philosophy

GReater trust in the senses and the conviction that the external world was directly knowable via the senses

confidence observation

scottish philosophy dominated North American college classrooms

observing and observed the same sagði James McCosh

spilaði eitthvað inn í debate um introspection as a research method seinna

Question 24

Who were the American Mental Philosophers?

Answer 24

Thomas Upham (1799 - 1872) Bowdoin College
Elements of Intellectual Philosophy
Upham textbook used for 50 years
skipti mental phylosophy í þrennt:
intellect, sensibility og will

líka þekkt
Elisabeth Ricord og William Lyall

Question 25

What were the “Struggles for the New Science” in America?

Question 26

upphafspunktur nútímasálfræði?

Answer 26

Stofnun rannsóknarstofu Wundts 1979 í Leipzig