7. INTERGROUP BEHAVIOUR Flashcards
Define intergroup behaviour
behaviour among individuals that is regulated by those individuals’ awareness of and identification with different social groups
what are two intergroup processes
intergroup disharmony
intergroup harmony
what is relative deprivation with regard to intergroup disharmony?
a sense of having less than we feel entitled to.
How does Berkowitz (1972) explain relative deprivation?
Frustration induced by relative deprivation is expressed as individual aggression due to the presence of aversive and aggressive environmental stimuli, and this becomes collective aggression through a process of social facilitation
what is the process from relative deprivation to collective violence that Berkowit (1972) provides?
relative deprivation –>
fristration –>
Aversive environmental conditions (e.g. heatwave) amplifies frustration –>
Individual acts of aggression –>
Individual acts of aggression exacerbated by aggressive stimuli (e.g. armed police) –>
Aggression becomes more widespread and assumes role of dominant response –>
Aggression spreads rapidly through social facilitation process –>
collective violence
what is collective violence?
includes violent conflicts between nations and groups, state and group terrorism, rape as a weapon of war, the movement of large numbers of people displaced from their homes, and gang warfare.
What is Davies’ (1969) J-curve hypothesis?
relative deprivation is particularly acute when attainments suffer a sudden setback in the context of expectations which continue to rise.
Relative deprivation is the difference between one’s expectation and the setback. So when the attainment of livings standards (for example) suddenly drops and the expectation continues to rise, the gap between the expectation and attainment is the relative deprivation
define attainment
the action or fact of achieving a goal which someone has been working towards
what are the two kinds of relative deprivation Runciman (1966) proposed?
Egotistic (individual) and fraternalistic (group
what do people who have egotistic relative deprivation think?
they are not getting what they deserve
fraternaistic relative deprivation? what do people with this think?
We are not getting what we deserve
what is realistic conflicts with regard to intergroup disharmony?
Goal relations between individuals and groups determine cooperative or competitive interdependence, and thus the nature of interpersonal and intergroup behaviour
(Sheriff 1966)
what was the study that related to realistic conflicts
Sherif’s (1949) ‘summer camp’ studies
what is the social identity theory?
role of social identity in an individual’s definition of self
what are the conflicting identities related to the social identity theory?
social vs personal identity
what does the social identity theory assume?
need for positive self-esteem
what are the strategies to obtain a positive social identity?
individual mobility
social creativity
social competition
what are the two belief systems of the social identity theory>
social mobility and social change
what are the two branches of alternatives of social change?
no cognitive alternatives
cognitive alternatives
what is the strategy for improving social identity that relates to the social mobility belief system?
individual mobility
what are tactics for the individual mobility strategy?
exit and passing; assimilation into high-status group
what is the strategy for improving social identity that relates to the no cognitive alternatives social change belief?
social creativity
what are the tactics for the social creativity strategy for improving social identitty
New dimensions of intergroup comparisons
Refining value of existing dimensions
comparison with different outgroup(s)
what is the strategy for improving social identity that relates to the cognitive alternatices to social change belief system?
social competition
what are the tactics for social competition for improving social identity
civil rights activity, political lobbying, terrorism, revolution, war, etc
what is the self-categorisation theory?
placing oneself in categories based on cognitive representations of groups. It is the use of prototypes to minimise differences within groups and maximise differences between groups
what is the influence related to the self-categorisation theory?
referent informational influence
what is the process of referent informational influence?
self categorisation –>
discover stereotypic ingroup norms from those who provide informations on such norms –>
Cognitively represent ingroup norms –>
assign cognitive representation of ingroup norms to self (self-stereotyping) –>
ingroup normative behaviour (conformity)
Hogg & Abram, 1988
what is social cognition?
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations. It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
relative homogeneity effect (outgroup members as same, ingroup members as more differentiated.
what does Brewer’s optimal distinctiveness theory say>
strive for balance between being included and being separate
what does the category based person memory effect show (howard & rothbart, 1980)
the participants were equally good at recalling whether it was an ingroup member who performed favourable behaviours, but they were better at recalling outgroup than ingroup actors who performed unfavourable behaviours
what is collective behavour?
Collective behavior refers to events that suddenly emerge. These events do not conform to rules or laws but instead are shaped based on the issue at hand. forms of collective behavior: crowds, mobs and riots.
what is Lebon’s model of the crowd
anonymity, contagion and suggestibility processes operate together to produce antisocial, violent crowd behaviour
what is the phenomonology of anonymity
invincibility and irresponsibility
what is the phenomonology of contagion
rapid and unpredictable shifts in behaviour
what is the phenomonology of suggestibility?
when primitive, savage instincts surface
what does Johnso & Downing tell us about anonymity or aggression?
In a paired associate learning task, women participants dressed as either nurses or members of KKK believed they gave shocks of various levels to a confederate learner.
Those dressed as theKKK gave increased levels of shock to the learner, whereas those dressed as nurses gave reduced levels
deindividualated participants (i.e. those not wearing large personal name badges) were not more aggress, and in fact those deindividualated as nurses were the least aggressive of all
what is the emergent norm theory?
In initially normless crowds, distinctive behaviours are the basis for a relevant norm to emerge to regulate behaviour
what is the process of the emergen norm theory»
ad hoc collection of individuals with no history of association; therefore, no pre-existent norms –>
Distinctive behaviour, or behaviour of distinctive individuals, is perceived as the implicit norm –>
Normative influence comes into play, creating pressure against non-conformity –>
Inaction of majority interpreted as tactic confirmation of the norm, pressure against non-conformity increase –>
Collective behaviour
what are strategies to create harmony between 2 groups
propaganda and education
Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis
subordinate goals
communication and concilition
define propoganda
nformation, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.
what did Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis provide?
relative to no contact, attitudes towards a rival college improved only when contact was both pleasant and with a typical member of the other college.
define subordinate goals
In psychology, superordinate goals refer to goals that require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups.
