7. INTERGROUP BEHAVIOUR

Question 1

Define intergroup behaviour

Answer 1

behaviour among individuals that is regulated by those individuals’ awareness of and identification with different social groups

Question 2

what are two intergroup processes

Answer 2

intergroup disharmony

intergroup harmony

Question 3

what is relative deprivation with regard to intergroup disharmony?

Answer 3

a sense of having less than we feel entitled to.

Question 4

How does Berkowitz (1972) explain relative deprivation?

Answer 4

Frustration induced by relative deprivation is expressed as individual aggression due to the presence of aversive and aggressive environmental stimuli, and this becomes collective aggression through a process of social facilitation

Question 5

what is the process from relative deprivation to collective violence that Berkowit (1972) provides?

Answer 5

relative deprivation –>
fristration –>
Aversive environmental conditions (e.g. heatwave) amplifies frustration –>
Individual acts of aggression –>
Individual acts of aggression exacerbated by aggressive stimuli (e.g. armed police) –>
Aggression becomes more widespread and assumes role of dominant response –>
Aggression spreads rapidly through social facilitation process –>
collective violence

Question 6

what is collective violence?

Answer 6

includes violent conflicts between nations and groups, state and group terrorism, rape as a weapon of war, the movement of large numbers of people displaced from their homes, and gang warfare.

Question 7

What is Davies’ (1969) J-curve hypothesis?

Answer 7

relative deprivation is particularly acute when attainments suffer a sudden setback in the context of expectations which continue to rise.
Relative deprivation is the difference between one’s expectation and the setback. So when the attainment of livings standards (for example) suddenly drops and the expectation continues to rise, the gap between the expectation and attainment is the relative deprivation

Question 8

define attainment

Answer 8

the action or fact of achieving a goal which someone has been working towards

Question 9

what are the two kinds of relative deprivation Runciman (1966) proposed?

Answer 9

Egotistic (individual) and fraternalistic (group

Question 10

what do people who have egotistic relative deprivation think?

Answer 10

they are not getting what they deserve

Question 11

fraternaistic relative deprivation? what do people with this think?

Answer 11

We are not getting what we deserve

Question 12

what is realistic conflicts with regard to intergroup disharmony?

Answer 12

Goal relations between individuals and groups determine cooperative or competitive interdependence, and thus the nature of interpersonal and intergroup behaviour
(Sheriff 1966)

Question 13

what was the study that related to realistic conflicts

Answer 13

Sherif’s (1949) ‘summer camp’ studies

Question 14

what is the social identity theory?

Answer 14

role of social identity in an individual’s definition of self

Question 15

what are the conflicting identities related to the social identity theory?

Answer 15

social vs personal identity

Question 16

what does the social identity theory assume?

Answer 16

need for positive self-esteem

Question 17

what are the strategies to obtain a positive social identity?

Answer 17

individual mobility
social creativity
social competition

Question 18

what are the two belief systems of the social identity theory>

Answer 18

social mobility and social change

Question 19

what are the two branches of alternatives of social change?

Answer 19

no cognitive alternatives

cognitive alternatives

Question 20

what is the strategy for improving social identity that relates to the social mobility belief system?

Answer 20

individual mobility

Question 21

what are tactics for the individual mobility strategy?

Answer 21

exit and passing; assimilation into high-status group

Question 22

what is the strategy for improving social identity that relates to the no cognitive alternatives social change belief?

Answer 22

social creativity

Question 23

what are the tactics for the social creativity strategy for improving social identitty

Answer 23

New dimensions of intergroup comparisons
Refining value of existing dimensions
comparison with different outgroup(s)

Question 24

what is the strategy for improving social identity that relates to the cognitive alternatices to social change belief system?

Answer 24

social competition

Question 25

what are the tactics for social competition for improving social identity

Answer 25

civil rights activity, political lobbying, terrorism, revolution, war, etc

Question 26

what is the self-categorisation theory?

Answer 26

placing oneself in categories based on cognitive representations of groups. It is the use of prototypes to minimise differences within groups and maximise differences between groups

Question 27

what is the influence related to the self-categorisation theory?

Answer 27

referent informational influence

Question 28

what is the process of referent informational influence?

Answer 28

self categorisation –>
discover stereotypic ingroup norms from those who provide informations on such norms –>
Cognitively represent ingroup norms –>
assign cognitive representation of ingroup norms to self (self-stereotyping) –>
ingroup normative behaviour (conformity)

Hogg & Abram, 1988

Question 29

what is social cognition?

Answer 29

Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations. It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.

relative homogeneity effect (outgroup members as same, ingroup members as more differentiated.

Question 30

what does Brewer’s optimal distinctiveness theory say>

Answer 30

strive for balance between being included and being separate

Question 31

what does the category based person memory effect show (howard & rothbart, 1980)

Answer 31

the participants were equally good at recalling whether it was an ingroup member who performed favourable behaviours, but they were better at recalling outgroup than ingroup actors who performed unfavourable behaviours

Question 32

what is collective behavour?

Answer 32

Collective behavior refers to events that suddenly emerge. These events do not conform to rules or laws but instead are shaped based on the issue at hand. forms of collective behavior: crowds, mobs and riots.

Question 33

what is Lebon’s model of the crowd

Answer 33

anonymity, contagion and suggestibility processes operate together to produce antisocial, violent crowd behaviour

Question 34

what is the phenomonology of anonymity

Answer 34

invincibility and irresponsibility

Question 35

what is the phenomonology of contagion

Answer 35

rapid and unpredictable shifts in behaviour

Question 36

what is the phenomonology of suggestibility?

Answer 36

when primitive, savage instincts surface

Question 37

what does Johnso & Downing tell us about anonymity or aggression?

Answer 37

In a paired associate learning task, women participants dressed as either nurses or members of KKK believed they gave shocks of various levels to a confederate learner.

Those dressed as theKKK gave increased levels of shock to the learner, whereas those dressed as nurses gave reduced levels

deindividualated participants (i.e. those not wearing large personal name badges) were not more aggress, and in fact those deindividualated as nurses were the least aggressive of all

Question 38

what is the emergent norm theory?

Answer 38

In initially normless crowds, distinctive behaviours are the basis for a relevant norm to emerge to regulate behaviour

Question 39

what is the process of the emergen norm theory»

Answer 39

ad hoc collection of individuals with no history of association; therefore, no pre-existent norms –>
Distinctive behaviour, or behaviour of distinctive individuals, is perceived as the implicit norm –>
Normative influence comes into play, creating pressure against non-conformity –>
Inaction of majority interpreted as tactic confirmation of the norm, pressure against non-conformity increase –>
Collective behaviour

Question 40

what are strategies to create harmony between 2 groups

Answer 40

propaganda and education
Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis
subordinate goals
communication and concilition

Question 41

define propoganda

Answer 41

nformation, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

Question 42

what did Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis provide?

Answer 42

relative to no contact, attitudes towards a rival college improved only when contact was both pleasant and with a typical member of the other college.

Question 43

define subordinate goals

Answer 43

In psychology, superordinate goals refer to goals that require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups.