7) IFA Flashcards
main purposes of serological testing
- monitor course of infection
- detect past infection
- assess immune status
IgM in a newborn indicates…
congenital infection
(not mom’s)
molecular assays for viral nucleic acids are especially valuable for infections of the…
CNS
small amts of organism
IFA uses —— to detect ———
fluorochrome-labelled conjugate
Ab in pt serum
most common fluorochrome
FITC
direct IFA
pt tissue on slide + conjugate Ab + fluorochrome
indirect IFA
substrate with Ag on slide + pt serum (Ab) + conjugate + fluorochrome
IFA is (more/less) sensitive than EIA
less
disadvantages of IFA
- background fluorescence
- nonspecific binding to substances in serum
- fluorochromes sensitive to pH, light
- reading must be done frequently to maintain competency
advantages of IFA
- fairly sensitive
- no hazardous materials
fluorescent method developed to overcome IFA’s problems, but requires expensive instrumentation
fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA)
lamp in fluroescent microscope must emit…
proper wavelength to excite fluorochrome
exciter filter in fluroescent scope
removes wavelengths other than one needed
barrier/emission filter in fluorescent scope
screens out light other than that produced by fluorochrome
complications associated with EBV
- Burkitt’s lymphoma
- nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- B-cell lymphomas
- chronic fatigue syndrome (not proven)
EBV-EA indicates…
active infection
EBV-M indicates…
acute infection
disappears after 3 months
EBV-G indicates…
current or past infection
90% pop has it by adulthood
EBNA detectable in….
convalescent stage of EBV
rapid mono detects…
heterophile Ab
produced by 40% EBV pts by week 1, and 90% by week 4
heterophile Ab
heterophile Ab sensitivity low in…
children <12 yo
negative heterophile Ab reflex
EBV-M serology
autoAb that EBV can trigger
- cold agg
- RF
- ANA
most of pop exposed by elderly years, majority are asymptomatic or have mono-like illness
CMV
CMV life-threatening for…
newborns
immcomp
most common congenital viral infection
CMV
50% newborns with CMV develop…
sequelae (visual impairments, hearing loss, mental retardation)
immcomp patients especially vulnerable to CMV
aids
transplant
CMV in immcomp pts can affect…
eyes
liver
lungs
GI
CNS
identifies risk for disseminated CMV
CMV-DNA by PCR
method of choice for CMV serology
EIA
utility of CMV-G
documenting past infection in organ or blood donors
utility of CMV-M
limited
false negative and positives
primary infection occurs as gingivostomatotitis in children
HSV-1
retreats to nerve ganglia as dormant infection (can be fatal)
HSV-1
bilateral genital lesions with fever, lymphadenopathy, dysuria
HSV-2
utility of HSV-M
usually not tested for
utility of HSV-G
remains detectable throughout life
look for significant rise in titer
method of choice for detecting acute HSV infection
PCR for HSV nucleic acid
VZV transmission
- resp secretions or aerosols from skin lesions
- mother to fetus
VZV can cause congenital malformations in…
1st trimster
> 95% of infections are in children
chickenpox
reactivation of chickenpox virus
zoster/shingles
utility of VZV-G
determine immune status of individual, especially pregnant women exposed during their pregnancy
given to pregnant women for passive immunity to VZV, but must be within —– hrs of exposure
VZIG
96
most accurate & sensitive method for detecting VZV infection
can be performed on CSF
VZV-DNA by PCR
protozoan parasite that replicates inside macros
Toxoplasma gondii
T. gondii transmission
- ingestion of oocysts (contaminated soil, cat litter, undercooked beef or pork)
- transfusion/transplant
- mother to fetus
T. gondii complications
- can invade CNS and be lethal in immcomp
- death to fetus almost always in 1st tri
- hydrocephaly, blindness in 2nd tri
methods of choice for T. gondii serology
enzyme or chemiluminescent immunoassay
PCR method of choice for CSF, tissues
German measles
Rubella virus
mainly seen in young unvaxxed immigrants
rubella
can be subclinical or rash starting on face and spreading to extremities
rubella
Rubella effects on fetus
- miscarriage
- Rubella syndrome (deafness, eye defects, cardiac defects, mental retardation, motor disabilities)
method of choice for rubella Ab detection
ELISA
RUB-G utility
persists for life and indicates immunity if titer high enough
7 day measules
rubeola virus
Koplik’s spots (red with gray in center) in mouth
maculopapular rash
Rubeola
rare complication of rubeola
SSPE - subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
fatal degenerative disease of CNS
effects of rubeola on fetus
- miscarriage
- preterm labor
- low birth weight
virus begins in nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes
moves to various tissue
mumps
complications of mumps
- meningitis
- deafness
- fetal death in 1st tri
protects babies up to 6 months or older from mumps
mother’s Ab transferred through placenta
because of vaccines, assays to detect measles & mumps IgG are performed mainly…
to determine immune status
walking pneumonia
M. pneumoniae
leading cause of URT infection worldwide
M. pneumoniae
most widely used technique for M. pneumoniae
EIA
causes anti-I cold agglutinins
M. pneumoniae
(about 50% pts)
IgM can persist for considerable lengths of time, so not used to detect acute infection
L. pneumophila
bullseye rash in —– of lyme patients
60-80%
complications of lyme
- dissemination to multiple organ systems
- chronic stage including arthritis
Lyme-G peaks…
6 months after onset, during arthritic sx
IFA for lyme uses ——- as substrate
spirochete
highly subjective and difficult to read, with beading fluorescence indicating false pos
IFA for lyme
recommendation to dx lyme
- screen with lyme-G by EIA
- confirm with western blot
gold standard for confirming rickettsial diseases
IFA
rickettsial organisms/diseases
- Bartonella quintana (bacillary angiomatosis)
- Bartonella henselae (bacillary angiomatosis, cat scratch fever)
- Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
- Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF)
- Rickettsia typhi (typhus)
- Ehrlichiosis
- Ehrlichia chaffeensis (HME)
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum (HGE)
recommended rickettsial antigens to test on sera are to rule in/out…
RMSF
typhus
HME
HGE
B. quintana transmission
louse feces
IgG ≥ 256 usually means recent infection
Bartonella
B. henselae transmission
- cat bites/scratches
- cat flea
Coxiella burnetii transmission
infected aerosols
2 antigenic variants are tested for (phase I and II of disease)
Q fever
C. burnetii
hallmark is maculopapular rash beginning on ankles and wrists
RMSF
RMSF transmission
ticks
typhus transmission
infected fleas’ feces
can cause multilineage cytopenias
transmitted by ticks
Ehrlichiosis
HME
human monocytic ehrlichiosis
spotless RMSF
E. chaffeensis
HGE
human granulocyte ehrlichiosis
A. phagocytophilum