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GCSE Computer Science > 7) Ethical, Legal & Environmental Impacts > Flashcards

7) Ethical, Legal & Environmental Impacts Flashcards

1
Q

What is open source software?

A

A model of software development which allows permitted use of its source code

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2
Q

What are open source projects?

A

Projects where the code used to create the project is publicly available

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3
Q

What can anyone do with open source software?

A

View
Modify
Distribute

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4
Q

What are advantages of open source code?

A

Usually free
Maintained by large companies
Encourages collaboration
Encourages rapid development

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5
Q

What are disadvantages of open source code?

A

Usually provides no warranty or guarantee
Small projects may not receive regular updates
Official customer support may not be available

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6
Q

What is proprietary software also known as?

A

Closed source software

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7
Q

What is proprietary software?

A

Software where the code is not available to people outside of the organisation

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8
Q

Wat does it mean to buy proprietary software?

A

You do not own the software

You only have the license to use it

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9
Q

What is illegal to do with propietary software?

A

Modifying
Copying
Redistributing

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10
Q

What are advantages of proprietary software?

A

Comes with a warranty or guarantee
Often has customer support
Should be thoroughly tested and reliable
Usually easier to install and use for an average user

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11
Q

What are disadvantages of proprietary software?

A

Source code is unavailable so cannot be fixed by users
Might not do exactly what you want it to do
Can be expensive
Older versions may not be maintained

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12
Q

What do different licenses determine for open source software?

A

What can be done with the software’s source code

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13
Q

What is a license?

A

A set of rules which tell a consumer what they can and cannot do with a piece of software

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14
Q

What are examples of what a license can tell a consumer to do?

A

You can / cannot distribute this software

You can / cannot resell this software

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15
Q

What do typical often source licenses state?

A

If you use the open source software in a project you software must also be open source licensed

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16
Q

What problem arises from projects having to be open source licensed?

A

Difficult to sell your software

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17
Q

What is an important ethical issue in today’s society?

A

The digital divide

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18
Q

What affect does the digital divide have on education and career?

A

Those without technoogy do not have acess to free educational websites and cannot pay for formal education

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19
Q

What is the digital divide?

A

Not everyone has acess to computers or the internet

Those without acess are at a disadvantage in terms of education, welfare and career opportunities

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20
Q

What does net neutrality concern?

A

How bandwidth is controlled on the internet

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21
Q

What was a key principle of the internet concerning packets for a long time?

A

All packets were treated equally

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22
Q

What does net neutrality mean for two website attempting to acess a network?

A

If two websites both want to acess a network, they should both have equal response times

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23
Q

Who are companies payinh to priorotise their traffic?

A

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

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24
Q

What does ISP stand for?

A

Internet Service Provider

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25
What are impacts of net neutrality collapsing?
Large, rich technology companies will have more control over traffic on the internet They could pay to have their traffic prioritised over their competitors
26
Where are electronic devices usually assembled?
Abroad factories
27
What wages do electronic factory workers often receive?
Low wages for long hours
28
What choice do consumer's have in the conditions in which their products are produced?
Little or no choice | Often do not know about the conditions
29
What do many governments limit online?
What their citizens can see
30
What are cons of censorship?
Opposing political websites can be banned Communication with other countries banned Generally considered to limit people's freedom
31
What are pros of censorship?
Keeps people safe online, or blocks illegal content
32
What does DPA stand for?
Data Protection Act
33
What does the DPA determine?
What organsiations can do with collected personal data
34
What does the DPA define?
The rights of the individual over the data stored about them
35
What was the DPA strenghened to in 2018?
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
36
What does GDPR stand for?
General Protection Regulation
37
How many principles does the DPA have?
8
38
What are the first 4 principles of the DPA?
1) Data must be used and processed in a fair and lawful way 2) Data must only be used for the stated purpose 3) Data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive for the specified use 4) Data must be accurate and kept up-to-date
39
What are the second 4 principles of the DPA?
5) Data should not be kept longer than necessary 6) Data should only be used according to the rights of the data subject 7) Data should be kept safe and secure 8) Data must not be transferred to organisations within other countries that do not offer a similar level of protection
40
When was the DPA introduced?
1998
41
When was the CMA introduced?
1990
42
What does CMA stand for?
Computer Misuse Act
43
What are the 3 offenses of the computer misuse act?
Unauthorised access Unauthorised access with intent Unauthorised modification
44
What was the computer misuse act introduced to protect against?
Hacking and cybercrime
45
What is the unauthorised access offence of the CMA?
It is illegal to attempt to access a computer or its contents without authorisation
46
What is the unauthorised access with intent offence of the CMA?
It is illegal to attempt toa ccess a network or device with the intent of committing further criminal activity
47
What is the unauthorised modification offence of the CMA?
It is illegal to intend to modify or destory a computer system or data without authorisation This makes using malware a criminal offence
48
What does the FOI act regard?
How data is kept within public bodies
49
What does FOI stand for?
Freedom of information
50
When was the FOI act introduced?
2000
51
What does the FOI act state public bodies must do?
Public bodies must regularly publish certain information
52
What does the FOI act give the public the right to do?
Request information that is held by public bodies
53
What is a public body?
An organisation that provides a public service
54
What do public bodies include?
``` Hospitals Schools Police forces Armed forces Government ```
55
What can members of the public request from public bodies?
CCTV footage Statistics Financial information Activity logs
56
When do public bodies not have to release requested information?
If releasing the information would cause harm to an individual or endanger national security
57
What is creative commons?
A licensing framework which allows content producers to publish their intellectual property with licenses that give permisson for others to use their work
58
What does CC stand for?
Creative Commons licensing
59
What are the types of CC licensing?
CC attribution CC share-alike CC non-commercial CC no-derivatives
60
What is CC attribution?
Work can be shared, copied or modified as long as the content creator is credited
61
What is CC share-alike?
Any work that is used must be redistributed under the same license terms as the original
62
What is CC non-commercial?
Works can be used, but only if no profit is made from them
63
What is CC no-derivatives?
Work can be shared or redistributed, but not modified
64
What sites contain CC content?
Youtube Soundcloud Google Images
65
What is copyright?
A framework to protect the use of intellectual property
66
When was the copyright designs and patents act introduced?
1988
67
What does the copyright designs and patents act automatically apply to?
Any original creative work that is physically expressed
68
What is illegal under the copyright designs and patents act?
Making copies of the copyrighted material Sharing copyrighted material Using unlicensed software Plagiarising someone's creative work
69
How is it possible to request permission to use copyrighted material?
Write to the creator stating your intended use They do not have to grant permission They may choose to demand a fee
70
What are patents?
Legal protections over inventions
71
Can patents apply to software or hardware?
Both
72
What do patents cover?
Ideas and concepts rather than intellectual property
73
What are issues related to the copyright designs and patents act?
The internet makes file sharing very easy Perfect copies of intellectual property can be made Uncertainty whether website hosts are responsible for illegal content uploaded by users
74
How has technology improved education?
Online learning platforms provide access to courses at some of the world's best universities for free
75
How has technology improved social interaction?
Socia lnetworks allow people to connect with long lost friends or family anywhere in the world
76
How has technology improved welfare?
Applying for benefits and other services online saves time | Government can use saved money on improving other services
77
How has technology improved work-life-balance?
Mobile devices give employees freedom to work from anywhere at any time
78
How has technology improved health?
Computerised imaging Modelling diseases Artifical intelligence
79
How has technology negatively impacted work-life-balance?
Feeling like work njever finishes can intrude on family time resulting in poorer relationships
80
How has technology negatively impacted fake news?
Main news source for young adults is social media which quickly spreads fake news
81
How has technology negatively impacted education?
Technology is expensive and poorer schools cannot afford devices contributing to the digitsal divide
82
How has technology negatively impacted health? (4)
Repetitive strain injury Eye strain Neck and back problems Lack of exercise
83
How has technology negatively impacted social interaction?
Users of social networks can receive an idealised view of other's lives Cyberbullying and trolling can be distressing
84
What is E-waste?
The discard of electronic devices
85
How does repairing technology contribubte to E-waste?
Manufacturers often make tech difficult to repair so it is heaper to replace it than repair it
86
What factors contribute to E-waste? (3)
Newer models | Difficult repairs
87
How do people bypass strict E-waste rules?
Many organisations send e-waste to countries with fewer reulgations
88
Why are data centres some of the worst offenders for energy consumption?
They need to power their servers and cooling systems
89
How much of America's total power do data centres consume?
2%
90
How do data centres reduce energy consumption?
Hot cold aisles One server's air outtake (hot) doesn't blow into another server's air intake (cold) Server virualisation runs multiple servers on one piece of hardware reducing redundant severs
91
What are some positive environmental impacts (3)?
Online communication reduces travel Climate change monitoring Efficient engines, wind turbines
92
What is tracked online?
What you have purchased Search terms Visited websites
93
What has a lack of regulations concerning tracking data lead to?
Companies tracking data without permission
94
What is the Internet of Things concept?
A network of physcial devices and appliances can connect and exchange data
95
What do mobile phones make easy for the IoT to record?
Location and movement habits (GPS) | What you look like (facia recognition)
96
What does IoT stand for?
Internet of Things

GCSE Computer Science (6 decks)

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