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GCSE Computer Science > 5) Fundamentals of Computer Networks > Flashcards

5) Fundamentals of Computer Networks Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a network?

A

A collection of connected computers

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2
Q

Why might we set up a network?

A

Data exchange
Managing computers
Resource sharing

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3
Q

What can a network manager manage over other computers in the network?

A

Updating software
Fixing problems
Help users (password resets)

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4
Q

What resources are commonly shared within a network?

A

Printers
Scanners
Internet Connections

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5
Q

What is a topology?

A

How the computers are laid out and connected together

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6
Q

What factors affect the overall performance on a network?

A

Topology
Bandwidth
Wired vs Wireless
Choice of hardware

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7
Q

What is bandwith?

A

The amount of data that can be transferred in a given time

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8
Q

Why can increased bandwidth not increase performance?

A

Bandwidth is shared so there may be too many users

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9
Q

What is transmission media?

A

Different ways of physcially transferring data along a network

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10
Q

What are fibre-optic cables made out of?

A

Thin strands of glass which transmit binary data as pulses of light

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11
Q

What are advantages of fibre-optic cables?

A

Do not suffer interference

Very high bandwidth (100Tbps)

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12
Q

What is fibre-optic cabling appropriate or?

A

Long distance communcation such as undersea channeling

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13
Q

What are the types of transmission media?

A

Fibre-optic cables
Radio waves
Coaxial cable
Twister-pair copper cable

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14
Q

What are radio waves?

A

The transmission media of wireless networking

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15
Q

What is a coaxial cable?

A

A wired transmission media where and insulated copper wire is surounded by a metal mesh to protect it from interference

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16
Q

What are coaxial cables most often used for?

A

Cable television

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17
Q

What is the twister-pair copper cable often referred to as?

A

An Ethernet cable

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18
Q

What is inside a twister-pair copper cable?

A

8 wires twisted in pairs which reduces interfernce

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19
Q

What do twisted cables ratings indictae?

A

How quickly data can be transferred

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20
Q

What can Cat-5e transmit at?

A

1 Gbps

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21
Q

What can Cat-6 transmit at?

A

10 Gbps

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22
Q

What are the geographical classifications of networks?

A

Personal area network
Local area network
Wide area network

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23
Q

What does PAN stand for?

A

Personal area network

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24
Q

What does LAN stand for?

A

Local area network

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25
Q

What does WAN stand for?

A

Wide area network

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26
Q

What is a PAN used for?

A

Connecting a single user’s devices

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27
Q

What is a WAN used for?

A

Connecting international offices for multionational companies

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28
Q

What is a WAN?

A

A collection of computers connected over a large geographical area

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29
Q

What is a LAN?

A

A collection of computers connected over a small geographical area?

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30
Q

What are examples for each geographical calssification of network?

A

PAN- Bluettoh headset to phone
LAN- Homes, Schools
WAN- The Internet

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31
Q

What is WiFi?

A

A set of protocls that define how network devices can communicate wirelessly over radio waves

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32
Q

What are WiFi standards?

A
  1. g - 54Mb/s
  2. 11n - 600Mb/s
  3. 11ac - 3.2Gb/s
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33
Q

How can we ensure devices are comaptible?

A

By creating devices which uses the same WiFi standards

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34
Q

How do we try to avoid interference?

A

By splitting frequencies into bands and channels

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35
Q

What frequency bands fo most WiFi standards transit data using?

A

2.4 Ghz

5 Ghz

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36
Q

How many channels are in the 2.4 Ghz frequency band?

A

13

3 of these do not intefere with each other

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37
Q

How many channels are in the 5 Ghz frequency band?

A

24 non-overlapping channels

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38
Q

What are WiFi security methods?

A

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
WPA
WPA2

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39
Q

What does WEP stand for?

A

Wired Equivalent Privacy

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40
Q

What does WPA stand for?

A

WiFi protected access

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41
Q

What is WEP?

A

Nedding a password to join a network

No data is encrypted so can be easily intercepted

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42
Q

What is WPA?

A

Uuses a password to join a network

Uses encryption to scarmble data being sent

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43
Q

What is WPA2?

A

Successor of WPA

Stronger encryption algorithm

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44
Q

Rank the WiFi secuirty measures from strongest to weakest

A

WPA2
WPA
WEP

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45
Q

What is the star toplogy?

A

Each device is connected to a central switch or server

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46
Q

Where are star topologies common?

A

LANs

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47
Q

What are features of star topologies?

A

Simultaneous access
Reliable
Scalable
Expensive

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48
Q

Why is a star topology reliable?

A

If a single client fails all the other clients can continue

If the server fails the whole network is affected

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49
Q

What is the bus topology?

A

Each computer is connected to a main cable called the bus

50
Q

What are features of bus topologies?

A

Little cabling
Unreliable
Easily expanadable
Difficulty troubleshooting

51
Q

Why can problems within a bus topology network be hard to find?

A

A break in the main cable could have occured in any place

52
Q

Why is a bus topology unreliable?

A

If the main cable is broken the network is shut down

53
Q

What does IP stand for?

A

Internet Protocol

54
Q

What are IP addresses used by routers to determine?

A

Whether a packet’s destination is within the network or not

55
Q

What happens if a packet’s detinsation isn’t within the current network?

A

The router will pass the packet onto the WAN

Other routers can use IP address to figure out where to send the packet

56
Q

What are IP addresses used for?

A

Identifying where data packets are from and where they need to go

57
Q

Where must IP addresses be unique?

A

Within the same LAN

58
Q

Why are there different types of IP address?

A

IP addresses are not universally unique

59
Q

What are the types of IP address?

A

Static IP vs Dynamic IP
Private IP vs Public IP
IPv4 vs IPv6

60
Q

What is a static IP address?

A

A device that has the same IP every time it connects to the network

61
Q

What is a dynamic IP address?

A

A device that will be allocated a new IP address every time it connects to the network

62
Q

What provides dynamic IPs?

A

Dynamic Host COnfiguration Protocl

(DHCP) server

63
Q

Describe a private IP

A

Devices within a LAN can have a private IP

These can be used to exchange data between devices on the LAN

64
Q

Describe a public IP

A

Routers which connect a LAN to a WAN have a public IP

These are used when other networks on the WAN want to send data to the LAN of the router

65
Q

What is the IPv4 format?

A

32-bit numbers

11.22.33.44

66
Q

What is the IPv6 format?

A

128-bit numbers often 8 groups of 4 hex digits

111A.222B.333C.0000.0000.0000.0000.888D

67
Q

What does NIC stand for?

A

Network Interface Controller

68
Q

What does every NIC have?

A

A globally unique MAC address

69
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A

Media Access Control

70
Q

When are MAC addresses assigned?

A

When the device is manufactured and cannot be changed

71
Q

How many MAC address do devices with multiple interfaces have?

A

Multiple MAC addresses

72
Q

What are uses of MAC addressing?

A

Used to exchange data on the same LAN

Used by swithces and NICs to send data to the intended recipient

73
Q

What is the MAC address format?

A

48-bit numbers as pairs of hex digits

1A.2B.3C.4D

74
Q

What does each half of a MAC address mean?

A

First half = manufacturer

Second half = Individual device produced

75
Q

What are netowkr protocols?

A

A set of rules that define how data is transmitted beween connected devices

76
Q

What are the transmission protocols?

A 
IP
Ethernet
WIFI
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
77
Q

What does the IP define?

A

How packets should be sent between networks

IP header added to packets with source and destination

78
Q

What does ethernet define?

A

How data should be physically transmitted

79
Q

What does WiFi define?

A

How data should be transmitted using radio waves

80
Q

What does TCP stand for?

A

Transmission Control Protocol

81
Q

What does the TCP do?

A

Splits data into packets

Each packet has a header and payload

82
Q

What is the payload of a data packet?

A

The actual data

83
Q

What does UDP stand for?

A

User Datagram Protocol

84
Q

What does the UDP do?

A

Performs same functions as TCP but doesn’t check packet has arrived

85
Q

What are the differences between TCP and UDP?

A

UDP faster but less reliable than TCP

UDP better for gaming

86
Q

What are the web protocols?

A

HTTP
HTTPS
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

87
Q

What does HTTPS stand for?

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

88
Q

What is HTTP mainly used for?

A

Accessing websites from servewrs

89
Q

What does HTTP define?

A

How data should be exchanged between web browsers and web servers

90
Q

What does HTTPS use to encrypt data between the client and server?

A

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

91
Q

What does SSL stand for?

A

Secure Socket Layer

92
Q

What does FTP define?

A

How binary and text data can be requested from a server and transmitted back to the client

93
Q

What is FTP used to do?

A

Download or transfer files over a network

94
Q

What does FTP stand for?

A

File Transfer Protocol

95
Q

What are the email protocols?

A

SMTP
IMAP
POP

96
Q

What does POP stand for?

A

Post Office Protocol

97
Q

What does POP do?

A

Defines how emails can be retrieved from a mail server

Once user has dowloaded mail from server, server deletes copy and only local copy remains

98
Q

What does IMAP stand for?

A

Internet Message Access Protocol

99
Q

Why is IMAP more popular than POP?

A

Ability to sync multiple devices

Inboxes remain constant across multiple devices

100
Q

What does SMTP stand for?

A

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

101
Q

What are almost all e-mails sent using?

A

SMTP

102
Q

What does SMTP define?

A

How emails are sent from an e-mail client to a mail server

103
Q

What is a protocol layer in a protocol layer model?

A

A group or collection of network protocols that work at a similar level within the networking process

104
Q

What are properties of netwrok layers?

A

Layers of protocol layer model should be inedpendent

Layers should only interact with each other by considering inputs and outputs of that layer

105
Q

What are layers an example of?

A

Abstration

106
Q

What are the 4 layers of the TCP model?

A

Application
Transport
Internet
Network Access

107
Q

What does the application layer do?

A

Creates and interprets data (HTTP, IMAP, FTP)

108
Q

What does the transport layer do?

A

Splits/joins data (TCP)

109
Q

What does the internet layer do?

A

Adds addresses to data (IP)

110
Q

What does the network access layer do?

A

Converts data into electrical signal, hardware (Ethernet, WiFi)

111
Q

What are the 7 layers of the OSI model?

A 
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
112
Q

What are the first three layers of the OSI model grouped into in the TCP model?

A

The application layer

113
Q

What layer is the same in both the TCP and OSI model?

A

The transport layer

114
Q

What is the OSI’s network layer called in the TCP model?

A

Internet

115
Q

What are the bottom two layers of the OSI model grouped into in the TCP model?

A

The network access layer

116
Q

What are advantages of layering?

A

Application developers create apps without network knowledge
Specialists can work on one layer
Layers can be changed without affecting others
Individual layers can be debugged

117
Q

What are the 2 common layering models?

A

TCP

OSI

118
Q

What does TCP stand for?

A

Transmission Control Protocol

119
Q

What does OSI stand for?

A

Open Systems Interconnection

120
Q

What are the first 3 sections of a URL?

A

Protocol
Path
Domain

GCSE Computer Science (6 decks)

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