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History Russia ALEVEL > 7) Economic And Social Developments > Flashcards

7) Economic And Social Developments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is state capitalism

A

A compromise economy
Which embraced some elements of socialism by imposing a degree of state control but retained elements of capitalism
Eg private markets and profit incentive

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2
Q

What is a socialist economy

A

One in which there is no private ownership and I’m which all members of society have a share in the states resources

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3
Q

What years was state capitalism used

A

1917-18

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4
Q

All socialists know that socialism can only develop in…

A

… an industrial society

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5
Q

How was a fully socialist economy not possible in Russia 1918

A

Fighting a civil war
Have a lot of economic problems
Not everyone wants to be a socialist

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6
Q

Why did some bolsheviks disapprove of the compromise with the old capitalist system

A

Demanded more radical measures

E.g
Nationalisation of all businesses
Abolition of money
Wanted trade to be determined by by people’s needs over desire to make a profit

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7
Q

How did Lenin reply to the bolsheviks who disapproved of state capitalism

A

He envisioned a long transition to socialism
Spoke of dangers of moving too quickly
Felt these ideals would simply work in Russia 1918

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8
Q

What is the decree of land

A

October 1917

Private ownership of land abolished forever

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9
Q

Name the two important decrees introduced in 1917

A

Decree on land.

Decree on workers control of factories.

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10
Q

What is the decree on workers control of factories

A

November 1917

Factories taken over by peasants

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11
Q

In order to establish greater state control over the economy the bolsheviks established what ?

A

Nationalisation of banks, railways, trade
Veshenka
GOELRO

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12
Q

When were banks, trade and railways nationalised

A

Dec 1917
June 1918
Jim/sept 1918

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13
Q

What is the Veshenka

A

The supreme council of the national economy
Dec1917
Took responsibility for all existing institutions for the regulations of economic life

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14
Q

What is the GOELRO

A

Special state commission 1920
Organised production and distribution of electricity throughout Russia
(Bol most sig achievement)

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15
Q

How important were the measures that the Bolshevik developed for greater control over the economy

A

Partial state control of economy and sig stage to more rigorous and total state control of economy

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16
Q

Problems of state capitalism

A

Shortcomings of Bolshevik decrees on land and industry

Workers failed to organise their factories efficiently

Some workers rewarded themselves unsustainable pay rises

Some workers helped themselves go stock and equipments

Workers simply lacked skills needed for successful management

Civil war - disruption/shortages of raw materials - industry in Bolshevik held areas plummeted

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17
Q

conditions in the city during the civil war

A

severe food shortages - 2/3 foods consumed by black market
workers leaving to join army - 60% left buy 1918 in petrograd
disease - typhus epidemic - 3 mill dead by 1920
no rations for nobility
rape murder = common

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18
Q

widespread issues faced during civil war

A 
indusrial productions fell
raw materials = short supply
workers - taken to serve army 
non essential businesses forced to close
inflation - money = worthless
russia facing acute economic breakdown
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19
Q

the black market and barter

A

illegal trading of goods

goods exchanged without using money

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20
Q

what was cordon detachments

A

special army units that failed to stop the illegal trading of goods
1918

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21
Q

population of urban areas 1917-19

A

3.6m - 1.4m

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22
Q

who had it worse during civil war

A

cities - more civil unrest, disease, transport troubles, rationing

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23
Q

what is war communism

A

political and economic system adapted by bol during civil war in order to keep towns and red army provided with food and weapons
(regime during civil war)

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24
Q

what were the key features of war communism

A 
grain requistioning 
private trading 
rationing 
small scale industry 
large scale industry 
transport and banking
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25
Q

explain Grain requistioning under war communism

A

peasants grain requistioned rigorously in order to distribute to feed workers in cities

peasants paid in fixed prices for grain

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26
Q

explain private trading under war communism

A

was banned

by nov 1920 all factories and businesses were banned

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27
Q

explain rationing under war communism

A 
class based system 
red army prioritised then factory workers, smallest rations given to middle class - not enough to live on - aka the former people
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28
Q

explain small scale industry under war communism

A

controlled by state

29
Q

explain large scale industry under war communism

A

issuing decree on nationalism - all industrial enterprises in russia under central control

30
Q

explain transport and banking under war communism

A

nationalised under state capitalism and remained

military style control over railways

31
Q

why was war communism unpopular in towns

A

lenin sent his own managers to operate factories
strict discipline was imposed on workers
death penalty introduced to strikers
people prevented from leaving cities
prices rose and this inflation made the rouble lose its value- bartering replaced money

32
Q

why was war communism unpopular in countryside

A

peasants forced to grow more food
they refused to work harder as they not paid fair price
lenin ordered requistion squards to seize the food
those found hoarding were punished
peasnats didnt want to hand over surplus food so grew less
result was massive famine

33
Q

consequences of war communism

A

agriculureal collapse - 5 million die of starvation

cities in chaos - orphaned children and burglary

34
Q

main reasons NEP introduced cause of war communsim

A

problems with industry
getting people on your side
problems with farming

35
Q

war communism in a nutshell

A 
help bols gov fight whites in c.w
take control of industry and food production, factories, mines and railways
grain taken from peasants 
private trade banned  
food rationed 
peasants shot/arrested
1921 famine 
factory production fell 
krodstat revolt 
FAILED
36
Q

the red terror during war communism

A

bol unapologetic to extream force or terror to enforce their policies - believed knew whats best 4 russia
RT launched after assination attempt on L (aug 1918)
aimed at political enemies - SRs + mensheviks
1918-20 - 500,000 deaths
set up concentration camps

37
Q

famine during war communism

A

1921
1/5 pop was starving
bol admit famine and accept foreign assistance
american relief association provided food for 10 mil russians
5 mil still starved to death

38
Q

bolshevik attitudes towards war communism

A

believed in represented true revolutionary communism
war communism was permanent economic policy for true socialism
-centralised industry - ended private ownership
however failure of economy and state famine led to widespead anti bol risisngs 1920-21

39
Q

the kronstadt rising - who involved and why it happened

A

1921
development of opposition within party
alexandra kolontai led opposition
protests against the excesses of war communism - accusing leaders of losing touch with proletariat

40
Q

kronstadt manifesto

A

early march sailors and workers of kronstadt set 15 man revolutionary committee and created a manifesto/demands
e.g freedoms of speech and press, new elections to soviets held by secret ballot

41
Q

importance of kronstadt rising

A

workers and sailors of kronstadt were once heros of the rev
now insisting bol gov return to promises that inspired rev
they were genuine socialists who used to be loyal to lenins gov and were appauled by regimes betrayal of workers cause

42
Q

how was kronstadt rising crushed

A

trotsky ordered red army
demonstraters rejected ultimatum given to them
artillery bombardment - 60,000 red troops stormed kronstadt base
sailors and workers resisted fiercely - lost

43
Q

aftermath of the kronstadt rising

A

ringleaders were shot
cheka hunted down escaped rebels
lenin justified severity by saying the rising was the work of bourgeoise enemies

44
Q

what is tambov revolt

A

1920-21
70,000 peasant army rose up against gov when grain requistioning forces arrived
red army deployed - brutal reprisals
poison gas used

45
Q

communist party members view on Nep

A

betrayal to communist ideals and retreat to capitalism

46
Q

russian peasants view on nep

A

new policy preferred as any extra grain could sell profit or keep

47
Q

private traders view on nep

A

pt legalised. made nepmen wealthy

48
Q

industrialists view on nep

A

prices have risen - make more money
large industries still state owned but small can be private
may feel threatened to how long this will last

49
Q

key features of nep

A 
grain requistioning 
private trading 
rationing 
small scale industry 
large scale industry 
transport and banking
50
Q

explain Grain requistioning under Nep

A

replaced by tax in kind
peasants give fixed amount of grain to state (less than amount through grain requistioning)
could then sell surpluses on open market - incentive

51
Q

explain private trading under Nep

A

ban removed
food and goods could flow more easily between countryside and towns
private owned shops opened + nepmen

52
Q

explain rationing under Nep

A

rationing abolished - money economy back

53
Q

explain small scale industry under Nep

A

small businesses under private ownership removed - could make profit

54
Q

explain large scale industry under Nep

A

state kept control for things like steel , oil and coal

55
Q

explain transport and banking under Nep

A

retained control of banking and transport systems
industry organises into trusts - pay workers from own budget
state would not bail them out if budgets not managed efficiently

56
Q

what is gosplan

A

1921 feb
state general planning commission
helped coordinate economic development
established by sovnarkom decree to advise a NEP

57
Q

economic impact of nep

A 
economy moving again
small businesses and restaurants begun to thrive
agriculture production recovered faster 
1925- 25,000 private traders in moscow
nepmen responsible for 75% trade
58
Q

political impact of nep

A

ban of factions - difficult to express views about policies without seeming disloyal
1921 - political parties banned
SRs attempt to assassinate lenin
rigorous cencorship 1922 - criticisms of gov forbidden

59
Q

political divisions over nep

A

zinoviev - nep temporary tactical retreat - had to be done to enable party remains in power

60
Q

what is the scissor crisis

A

1923 - agricultural prices above agricultural goods
factories and workshops taking longer to rebuild and expand output
gap widened rapidly
gov capped industrial prices
crisis short lived - 1926 production levels reached again

61
Q

lenins quote for nep backlash

A

two steps forward one step back

62
Q

what was cheka renamed to

A

GPU (main political administration) 1922

made arrests and death penalties without reason

63
Q

nomenklatura system

A

1923
influential posts in gov were filled by party
500 party and gov posts drawn up
loyalty - access to goods and services

64
Q

who are nepmen

A

businesspeople in the early Soviet Union, who took advantage of the opportunities for private trade
hated by bolsheviks as they represented capitalism
tolerated as long as taxes were paid

65
Q

what years was war communism

A

1918-21

66
Q

what years was NEP

A

1921+

67
Q

who were sackmen

A

peasants with sacks of goods to sell

68
Q

who were kulaks

A

russian peasants who were wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour

69
Q

name the order of lenins policies

A

state capitalism
war communism
NEP

History Russia ALEVEL (24 decks)

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