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History Russia ALEVEL > 7) Economic And Social Developments > Flashcards

7) Economic And Social Developments Flashcards

1
Q

What is state capitalism

A

A compromise economy
Which embraced some elements of socialism by imposing a degree of state control but retained elements of capitalism
Eg private markets and profit incentive

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2
Q

What is a socialist economy

A

One in which there is no private ownership and I’m which all members of society have a share in the states resources

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3
Q

What years was state capitalism used

A

1917-18

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4
Q

All socialists know that socialism can only develop in…

A

… an industrial society

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5
Q

How was a fully socialist economy not possible in Russia 1918

A

Fighting a civil war
Have a lot of economic problems
Not everyone wants to be a socialist

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6
Q

Why did some bolsheviks disapprove of the compromise with the old capitalist system

A

Demanded more radical measures

E.g
Nationalisation of all businesses
Abolition of money
Wanted trade to be determined by by people’s needs over desire to make a profit

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7
Q

How did Lenin reply to the bolsheviks who disapproved of state capitalism

A

He envisioned a long transition to socialism
Spoke of dangers of moving too quickly
Felt these ideals would simply work in Russia 1918

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8
Q

What is the decree of land

A

October 1917

Private ownership of land abolished forever

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9
Q

Name the two important decrees introduced in 1917

A

Decree on land.

Decree on workers control of factories.

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10
Q

What is the decree on workers control of factories

A

November 1917

Factories taken over by peasants

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11
Q

In order to establish greater state control over the economy the bolsheviks established what ?

A

Nationalisation of banks, railways, trade
Veshenka
GOELRO

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12
Q

When were banks, trade and railways nationalised

A

Dec 1917
June 1918
Jim/sept 1918

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13
Q

What is the Veshenka

A

The supreme council of the national economy
Dec1917
Took responsibility for all existing institutions for the regulations of economic life

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14
Q

What is the GOELRO

A

Special state commission 1920
Organised production and distribution of electricity throughout Russia
(Bol most sig achievement)

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15
Q

How important were the measures that the Bolshevik developed for greater control over the economy

A

Partial state control of economy and sig stage to more rigorous and total state control of economy

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16
Q

Problems of state capitalism

A

Shortcomings of Bolshevik decrees on land and industry

Workers failed to organise their factories efficiently

Some workers rewarded themselves unsustainable pay rises

Some workers helped themselves go stock and equipments

Workers simply lacked skills needed for successful management

Civil war - disruption/shortages of raw materials - industry in Bolshevik held areas plummeted

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17
Q

conditions in the city during the civil war

A

severe food shortages - 2/3 foods consumed by black market
workers leaving to join army - 60% left buy 1918 in petrograd
disease - typhus epidemic - 3 mill dead by 1920
no rations for nobility
rape murder = common

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18
Q

widespread issues faced during civil war

A 
indusrial productions fell
raw materials = short supply
workers - taken to serve army 
non essential businesses forced to close
inflation - money = worthless
russia facing acute economic breakdown
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19
Q

the black market and barter

A

illegal trading of goods

goods exchanged without using money

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20
Q

what was cordon detachments

A

special army units that failed to stop the illegal trading of goods
1918

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21
Q

population of urban areas 1917-19

A

3.6m - 1.4m

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22
Q

who had it worse during civil war

A

cities - more civil unrest, disease, transport troubles, rationing

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23
Q

what is war communism

A

political and economic system adapted by bol during civil war in order to keep towns and red army provided with food and weapons
(regime during civil war)

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24
Q

what were the key features of war communism

A 
grain requistioning 
private trading 
rationing 
small scale industry 
large scale industry 
transport and banking
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25
explain Grain requistioning under war communism
peasants grain requistioned rigorously in order to distribute to feed workers in cities peasants paid in fixed prices for grain
26
explain private trading under war communism
was banned | by nov 1920 all factories and businesses were banned
27
explain rationing under war communism
``` class based system red army prioritised then factory workers, smallest rations given to middle class - not enough to live on - aka the former people ```
28
explain small scale industry under war communism
controlled by state
29
explain large scale industry under war communism
issuing decree on nationalism - all industrial enterprises in russia under central control
30
explain transport and banking under war communism
nationalised under state capitalism and remained | military style control over railways
31
why was war communism unpopular in towns
lenin sent his own managers to operate factories strict discipline was imposed on workers death penalty introduced to strikers people prevented from leaving cities prices rose and this inflation made the rouble lose its value- bartering replaced money
32
why was war communism unpopular in countryside
peasants forced to grow more food they refused to work harder as they not paid fair price lenin ordered requistion squards to seize the food those found hoarding were punished peasnats didnt want to hand over surplus food so grew less result was massive famine
33
consequences of war communism
agriculureal collapse - 5 million die of starvation | cities in chaos - orphaned children and burglary
34
main reasons NEP introduced cause of war communsim
problems with industry getting people on your side problems with farming
35
war communism in a nutshell
``` help bols gov fight whites in c.w take control of industry and food production, factories, mines and railways grain taken from peasants private trade banned food rationed peasants shot/arrested 1921 famine factory production fell krodstat revolt FAILED ```
36
the red terror during war communism
bol unapologetic to extream force or terror to enforce their policies - believed knew whats best 4 russia RT launched after assination attempt on L (aug 1918) aimed at political enemies - SRs + mensheviks 1918-20 - 500,000 deaths set up concentration camps
37
famine during war communism
1921 1/5 pop was starving bol admit famine and accept foreign assistance american relief association provided food for 10 mil russians 5 mil still starved to death
38
bolshevik attitudes towards war communism
believed in represented true revolutionary communism war communism was permanent economic policy for true socialism -centralised industry - ended private ownership however failure of economy and state famine led to widespead anti bol risisngs 1920-21
39
the kronstadt rising - who involved and why it happened
1921 development of opposition within party alexandra kolontai led opposition protests against the excesses of war communism - accusing leaders of losing touch with proletariat
40
kronstadt manifesto
early march sailors and workers of kronstadt set 15 man revolutionary committee and created a manifesto/demands e.g freedoms of speech and press, new elections to soviets held by secret ballot
41
importance of kronstadt rising
workers and sailors of kronstadt were once heros of the rev now insisting bol gov return to promises that inspired rev they were genuine socialists who used to be loyal to lenins gov and were appauled by regimes betrayal of workers cause
42
how was kronstadt rising crushed
trotsky ordered red army demonstraters rejected ultimatum given to them artillery bombardment - 60,000 red troops stormed kronstadt base sailors and workers resisted fiercely - lost
43
aftermath of the kronstadt rising
ringleaders were shot cheka hunted down escaped rebels lenin justified severity by saying the rising was the work of bourgeoise enemies
44
what is tambov revolt
1920-21 70,000 peasant army rose up against gov when grain requistioning forces arrived red army deployed - brutal reprisals poison gas used
45
communist party members view on Nep
betrayal to communist ideals and retreat to capitalism
46
russian peasants view on nep
new policy preferred as any extra grain could sell profit or keep
47
private traders view on nep
pt legalised. made nepmen wealthy
48
industrialists view on nep
prices have risen - make more money large industries still state owned but small can be private may feel threatened to how long this will last
49
key features of nep
``` grain requistioning private trading rationing small scale industry large scale industry transport and banking ```
50
explain Grain requistioning under Nep
replaced by tax in kind peasants give fixed amount of grain to state (less than amount through grain requistioning) could then sell surpluses on open market - incentive
51
explain private trading under Nep
ban removed food and goods could flow more easily between countryside and towns private owned shops opened + nepmen
52
explain rationing under Nep
rationing abolished - money economy back
53
explain small scale industry under Nep
small businesses under private ownership removed - could make profit
54
explain large scale industry under Nep
state kept control for things like steel , oil and coal
55
explain transport and banking under Nep
retained control of banking and transport systems industry organises into trusts - pay workers from own budget state would not bail them out if budgets not managed efficiently
56
what is gosplan
1921 feb state general planning commission helped coordinate economic development established by sovnarkom decree to advise a NEP
57
economic impact of nep
``` economy moving again small businesses and restaurants begun to thrive agriculture production recovered faster 1925- 25,000 private traders in moscow nepmen responsible for 75% trade ```
58
political impact of nep
ban of factions - difficult to express views about policies without seeming disloyal 1921 - political parties banned SRs attempt to assassinate lenin rigorous cencorship 1922 - criticisms of gov forbidden
59
political divisions over nep
zinoviev - nep temporary tactical retreat - had to be done to enable party remains in power
60
what is the scissor crisis
1923 - agricultural prices above agricultural goods factories and workshops taking longer to rebuild and expand output gap widened rapidly gov capped industrial prices crisis short lived - 1926 production levels reached again
61
lenins quote for nep backlash
two steps forward one step back
62
what was cheka renamed to
GPU (main political administration) 1922 | made arrests and death penalties without reason
63
nomenklatura system
1923 influential posts in gov were filled by party 500 party and gov posts drawn up loyalty - access to goods and services
64
who are nepmen
businesspeople in the early Soviet Union, who took advantage of the opportunities for private trade hated by bolsheviks as they represented capitalism tolerated as long as taxes were paid
65
what years was war communism
1918-21
66
what years was NEP
1921+
67
who were sackmen
peasants with sacks of goods to sell
68
who were kulaks
russian peasants who were wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour
69
name the order of lenins policies
state capitalism war communism NEP

History Russia ALEVEL (24 decks)

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