7. Cardiovascular system and blood

Question 1

what are the four components of blood

Answer 1

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

Question 2

define blood plasma

Answer 2

soluble fraction that contains clotting factors

Question 3

define blood serum

Answer 3

soluble fraction that has clotting factors missing

Question 4

who discovered blood antigens

Answer 4

Karl Landsteiner

Question 5

how many antigens and antibodies are responsible for the blood types

Answer 5

2

Question 6

what antigens and antibodies do a type A patient have

Answer 6

Antigen A

Anti-B antibody

Question 7

what antigens and antibodies do a type B patient have

Answer 7

Antigen B

Anti-A antibody

Question 8

what antigens and antibodies do a type O patient have

Answer 8

no antigens

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Question 9

what antigens and antibodies do a type AB patient have

Answer 9

Antigen A and B

no antibodies

Question 10

if blood is agglutinated by anti-A antibodies, what does this mean

Answer 10

anti-B antibodies are no agglutinating anything
so Antigen A must be present
= type A

Question 11

what are the alleles for human blood type

Answer 11

I^A I^B I

Question 12

what is the phenotype of an AO genotype

Answer 12

type A phenotype

Question 13

what is the phenotype of an AB genotype

- why

Answer 13

AB phenotype

- A and B alleles are codominant

Question 14

what happens if a type A patent receives a type B blood transfusion

Answer 14

anti-B antibodies recognise antigen B on type B RBCs

- they agglutinate -> can be fatal

Question 15

what is the:
universal donor
why?
what type can they receive?

Answer 15

type O

• no antigens on RBCs, cannot be rejected by antibodies
• can only receive type O blood back

Question 16

what is the :
universal receiver
why?
what type can they receive?
who can they donate to?

Answer 16

type AB

• do not make any antibodies
• can accept any blood type
• can only donate to type Ab recipients

Question 17

what is the cause of babies born anaemic and jaundice

Answer 17

mother and babies have incompatible blood types, mothers antibodies linger after birth and destroy babies RBCs

Question 18

what causes the yellow pigmentation in jaundice and anaemic babies

Answer 18

increase in bilirubin pigment- yellow neurotoxic waste product from RBC catalysis

Question 19

what is the path of blood flow for deoxygenated blood

Answer 19

1. enters right atrium from the body from vena cava
2. blood into right ventricle
3. pumped into pulmonary circuit via pulmonary artery

Question 20

what is the path of blood flow for oxygenated blood

Answer 20

4. oxygenation of blood in the lungs
5. blood enters pulmonary veins into the left atrium
6. oxygenated blood pumped from left ventricle to aorta

Question 21

describe structure of arteries

Answer 21

have thick elastic walls with a large diameter to withstand high pressure

Question 22

describe structure of veins

Answer 22

thinner walls with larger diameter, contain one-way valves

Question 23

where is the heart positioned in the body, what is the consequence

Answer 23

slightly to the left of the body,
results in a smaller left lung compared to right lung

sits above the diaphragm

Question 24

what is the auricles

Answer 24

the outer expandable part of the atrium

Question 25

what is the function of auricles

Answer 25

allow more blood flow to enter the atrium = increases capacity

Question 26

which side of the heart is responsible for what

Answer 26

left = blood to body
right= blood to lungs

Question 27

why is the left ventricle wall thicker

Answer 27

it requires more force to push blood around the body than to the lungs

Question 28

what is the function of SL valves

Answer 28

stop blood flowing back into the heart, close during contraction

Question 29

what is the function of AV bicuspid and tricuspid valves

Answer 29

prevent blood flowing back into the atriums when ventricles contract

Question 30

what are AV valves connected to, why?

Answer 30

chordae tendinae

connects valves to papillary muscles - this prevents a prolapse

Question 31

what is the difference between bicuspid and tricuspid valves

Answer 31

bicuspid = two flaps LEFT
tricuspid = three flaps RIGHT

Question 32

the mitral valve is another term for what valve

Answer 32

the bicuspid valve

Question 33

what does systole mean

Answer 33

ventricular contraction = ejection of blood

Question 34

what does diastole mean

Answer 34

ventricular relaxation= filling of blood

Question 35

what are the three stages of the pump cycle

Answer 35

1. atrial and ventricular diastole
2. atrial systole, ventricular diastole
3. ventricular systole, atrial diastole

Question 36

what happens with the valves at each stage of the pump cycle

Answer 36

1. 1. atrial and ventricular diastole
      - SL closed
      - AV open
2. atrial systole, ventricular diastole
3. ventricular systole, atrial diastole
   - AV closed
   - SL open

Question 37

what is isovolumetric contraction

Answer 37

ventricles contract

AV valves close

Question 38

what is isovolumetric relaxation

Answer 38

early diastole

semilunar valves close

Question 39

what do the Lub-dub sound represent

Answer 39

lub = AV valve closed
dub= SL valve closed

Question 40

what does end-diastolic volume mean

Answer 40

maximum ventricular volume

Question 41

what does end-systolic volume mean

Answer 41

minimum ventricular volume