1. Overview of Nervous system

Question 1

what are the planes of the body

Answer 1

sagittal
coronal
transverse

Question 2

describe each plane of the body

Answer 2

sagittal- sliced along middle of face (nose)
coronal- sliced in half (front and back of the body)
transverse- sliced in half looking upwards (cut in half at the waist)

Question 3

what is the anatomical terminology for:

• above
• below
• front
• back

Answer 3

above= superior
below= inferior
front= ventral/ anterior 
back= dorsal/ posterior

Question 4

what does medial mean

Answer 4

close to

Question 5

what does lateral mean

Answer 5

away from/ next to

Question 6

what are the three main functions of the nervous system

Answer 6

1. sensory function- detect changes
2. integrative function- analyse and respond
3. motor function- initiates motor movement

Question 7

what are the ridges and grooves in the cerebrum called

Answer 7

ridges= gyrus 
grooves= sulcus

Question 8

what does the cerebrum contain

Answer 8

the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions

Question 9

where is the cerebellum located

Answer 9

in the posterior region of the brain

Question 10

what is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 10

responsible for balance and coordination

Question 11

what are the three components of the brainstem

Answer 11

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 12

what is the function of the brainstem

Answer 12

communicates with the PNS to control involuntary processes such as breathing and heart rate

Question 13

the cerebrum is separated into two hemispheres that are connected by what?

Answer 13

the corpus callous

Question 14

name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

Question 15

describe the location of each 4 lobes

Answer 15

frontal lobe= front
parietal lobe= behind frontal lobe
occipital lobe= above cerebellum, posterior region of brain
temporal lobe= under frontal and parietal lobe

Question 16

function of frontal lobe

Answer 16

• higher cognitive function

- decision making, problem solving

Question 17

function of parietal lobe

Answer 17

• integrates information from visual pathway
• coordinates motor movement
• interpret sensory information

Question 18

function of temporal lobe

Answer 18

• interpreting speech and hearing

- object recognition and emotion processing

Question 19

function of occipital cortex

Answer 19

• process primary visual information

Question 20

name important subcortical region structures, what system do these form

Answer 20

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia

limbic system

Question 21

what are some responsibilities of the limbic system

Answer 21

memory, emotions, motor movement, sensory info processing

Question 22

what does the midbrain connect

Answer 22

the brainstem and subcortical regions

Question 23

name the three regions of the midbrain

Answer 23

colliculi
tegmentum
cerebral peduncle

Question 24

what is the colliculi responsible for

Answer 24

directs eye movement towards objects of interest

Question 25

what is the tegmentum responsible for

Answer 25

coordination of movement, alertness/ sleep

Question 26

what is the cerebral peduncle responsible for

Answer 26

control of ocular movement

Question 27

the spinal cord is divided into 5 sections, what are they named

Answer 27

``` cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal ```

Question 28

``` what is each section of the spinal cord responsible for innervating: cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal ```

Answer 28

``` cervical= neck thoracic=chest lumbar= lower back sacral= hip coccygeal= tail ```

Question 29

what are afferent pathways

Answer 29

carry sensory information from the periphery to the brain

Question 30

what are efferent pathways

Answer 30

carry signals from the brain to nerve tracts to control motor output

Question 31

true or false: | reflex arcs involve brain response to a stimuli

Answer 31

false- spinal cord react to reflex arc stimuli

Question 32

briefly describe reflex arcs

Answer 32

when the knee is hit, sensory afferents send information to the dorsal column of spinal cord interneurons send information to leg muscles via efferent nerves muscle contraction= jerk of the knee

Question 33

efferent nerves in the knee jerk reflex arc originate from where

Answer 33

the ventral horn

Question 34

what are the two main cell groups in the CNS

Answer 34

neurons and glia

Question 35

which cell type of the CNS is more abundant

Answer 35

``` glial cells (10^12) (neurons = 10^11) ```

Question 36

what are the three types of neurons all with different structures

Answer 36

Bipolar neurons unipolar neurons multipolar neurons

Question 37

describe the structure of the bipolar neurons

Answer 37

1 main dendrite, 1 main axon

Question 38

describe the structure of unipolar neurons

Answer 38

one process emerges from the cell body, cell body is in the middle of the axon

Question 39

describe the structure of multipolar neurons

Answer 39

many dendrites and one axon

Question 40

what are microglia

Answer 40

Immune cells that survey the CNS and respond to signs of infection or damage

Question 41

how do surveillant and activated microglia differ

Answer 41

``` surveillant= smaller, multiple processes activated= larger, rounded cell body, short processes ```

Question 42

what are astrocytes

Answer 42

Small star shaped cells provide support for the development and maintenance of the nervous system and cerebral blood vessels

Question 43

true or false: | astrocytes are different across different brain regions

Answer 43

true

Question 44

what are oligodendrocytes

Answer 44

Cells that produce myelin, this substance increases speed of transmission

Question 45

what are oligodendrocytes called in the PNS

Answer 45

Schwann cells

Question 46

what is the velocity of an unmyelinated axon and myelinated axon

Answer 46

0.5-10 m/s | compared to 150 m/s of a myelinated neutron

Question 47

what is the difference between white matter and grey matter

Answer 47

white matter axon bundles are myelinated, grey matter axons are not

Question 48

what are ependymal cells

Answer 48

Form the epithelial lining of brain ventricles

Question 49

what forms the neurovascular unit

Answer 49

endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, smooth muscle cells and neurons

Question 50

endothelial cells in the brain contain tight junctions, why is this an advantage

Answer 50

allows the brain to form a barrier between the blood and the brain called the blood-brain-barrier

Question 51

define the process known as neuromuscular coupling

Answer 51

neurons which innervate blood vessels allow the brain to direct blood flow to certain areas which are more active

Question 52

where is cerebrospinal fluid contained to

Answer 52

ventricles and subarachnoid spaces

Question 53

what is the function of CSF

Answer 53

provides buoyancy for the brain and cushion it against injury as well as waste removal.

Question 54

what produces CSF

Answer 54

the choroid plexus