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125: Human Physiology > 1. Overview of Nervous system > Flashcards

1. Overview of Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the planes of the body

A

sagittal
coronal
transverse

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2
Q

describe each plane of the body

A

sagittal- sliced along middle of face (nose)
coronal- sliced in half (front and back of the body)
transverse- sliced in half looking upwards (cut in half at the waist)

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3
Q

what is the anatomical terminology for:

  • above
  • below
  • front
  • back
A 
above= superior
below= inferior
front= ventral/ anterior 
back= dorsal/ posterior
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4
Q

what does medial mean

A

close to

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5
Q

what does lateral mean

A

away from/ next to

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6
Q

what are the three main functions of the nervous system

A
  1. sensory function- detect changes
  2. integrative function- analyse and respond
  3. motor function- initiates motor movement
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7
Q

what are the ridges and grooves in the cerebrum called

A 
ridges= gyrus 
grooves= sulcus
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8
Q

what does the cerebrum contain

A

the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions

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9
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

in the posterior region of the brain

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10
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

responsible for balance and coordination

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11
Q

what are the three components of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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12
Q

what is the function of the brainstem

A

communicates with the PNS to control involuntary processes such as breathing and heart rate

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13
Q

the cerebrum is separated into two hemispheres that are connected by what?

A

the corpus callous

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14
Q

name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

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15
Q

describe the location of each 4 lobes

A

frontal lobe= front
parietal lobe= behind frontal lobe
occipital lobe= above cerebellum, posterior region of brain
temporal lobe= under frontal and parietal lobe

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16
Q

function of frontal lobe

A
  • higher cognitive function

- decision making, problem solving

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17
Q

function of parietal lobe

A
  • integrates information from visual pathway
  • coordinates motor movement
  • interpret sensory information
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18
Q

function of temporal lobe

A
  • interpreting speech and hearing

- object recognition and emotion processing

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19
Q

function of occipital cortex

A
  • process primary visual information
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20
Q

name important subcortical region structures, what system do these form

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia

limbic system

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21
Q

what are some responsibilities of the limbic system

A

memory, emotions, motor movement, sensory info processing

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22
Q

what does the midbrain connect

A

the brainstem and subcortical regions

23
Q

name the three regions of the midbrain

A

colliculi
tegmentum
cerebral peduncle

24
Q

what is the colliculi responsible for

A

directs eye movement towards objects of interest

25
Q

what is the tegmentum responsible for

A

coordination of movement, alertness/ sleep

26
Q

what is the cerebral peduncle responsible for

A

control of ocular movement

27
Q

the spinal cord is divided into 5 sections, what are they named

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
28
Q 
what is each section of the spinal cord responsible for innervating:
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
A 
cervical= neck
thoracic=chest
lumbar= lower back
sacral= hip
coccygeal= tail
29
Q

what are afferent pathways

A

carry sensory information from the periphery to the brain

30
Q

what are efferent pathways

A

carry signals from the brain to nerve tracts to control motor output

31
Q

true or false:

reflex arcs involve brain response to a stimuli

A

false- spinal cord react to reflex arc stimuli

32
Q

briefly describe reflex arcs

A

when the knee is hit, sensory afferents send information to the dorsal column of spinal cord

interneurons send information to leg muscles via efferent nerves

muscle contraction= jerk of the knee

33
Q

efferent nerves in the knee jerk reflex arc originate from where

A

the ventral horn

34
Q

what are the two main cell groups in the CNS

A

neurons and glia

35
Q

which cell type of the CNS is more abundant

A 
glial cells (10^12)
(neurons = 10^11)
36
Q

what are the three types of neurons all with different structures

A

Bipolar neurons
unipolar neurons
multipolar neurons

37
Q

describe the structure of the bipolar neurons

A

1 main dendrite, 1 main axon

38
Q

describe the structure of unipolar neurons

A

one process emerges from the cell body, cell body is in the middle of the axon

39
Q

describe the structure of multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites and one axon

40
Q

what are microglia

A

Immune cells that survey the CNS and respond to signs of infection or damage

41
Q

how do surveillant and activated microglia differ

A 
surveillant= smaller, multiple processes
activated= larger, rounded cell body, short processes
42
Q

what are astrocytes

A

Small star shaped cells provide support for the development and maintenance of the nervous system and cerebral blood vessels

43
Q

true or false:

astrocytes are different across different brain regions

A

true

44
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

Cells that produce myelin, this substance increases speed of transmission

45
Q

what are oligodendrocytes called in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

46
Q

what is the velocity of an unmyelinated axon and myelinated axon

A

0.5-10 m/s

compared to 150 m/s of a myelinated neutron

47
Q

what is the difference between white matter and grey matter

A

white matter axon bundles are myelinated, grey matter axons are not

48
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

Form the epithelial lining of brain ventricles

49
Q

what forms the neurovascular unit

A

endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, smooth muscle cells and neurons

50
Q

endothelial cells in the brain contain tight junctions, why is this an advantage

A

allows the brain to form a barrier between the blood and the brain called the blood-brain-barrier

51
Q

define the process known as neuromuscular coupling

A

neurons which innervate blood vessels allow the brain to direct blood flow to certain areas which are more active

52
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid contained to

A

ventricles and subarachnoid spaces

53
Q

what is the function of CSF

A

provides buoyancy for the brain and cushion it against injury as well as waste removal.

54
Q

what produces CSF

A

the choroid plexus

125: Human Physiology (8 decks)

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