7 Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is diastole and systole?

Answer 1

Diastole is relaxation and systole is contraction

Question 2

What is the valve between the right and left atrium and ventricle

Answer 2

Right: tricuspid valve opens
Left: bicuspid valve opens

Question 3

What transports blood out of the left side of the heart

Answer 3

Aorta (aortic valve)

Question 4

What transports blood from the lungs to the left heart

Answer 4

Pulmonary vein

Question 5

What transports blood out of the right heart

Answer 5

Pulmonary artery

Question 6

What is the tubes connecting the heart to the lungs

Answer 6

Pulmonary artery (from right) and pulmonary vein (to left)

Question 7

What transports blood into the right heart

Answer 7

Superior and inferior vena cava

Question 8

difference in arteries veins and capillaries

Answer 8

Direction of blood flow:
blood away heart / blood towards heart / arteries to veins

Thickness of wall:
Thick and muscular / relatively thinner and less muscular / one cell thick wall

Size of lumen:
smaller than veins / larger than artery/ smallest among blood vessels

Valves:
Absent / present / absent

Question 9

3 ways of CO2 binding?

Answer 9

Globin attaches to CO2
CO2+H2O then dissociation
Stays in blood plasma

Question 10

What is bulk flow

Answer 10

Large number of particles move in same direction, brought by changes in hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure

The presence of proteins pulls fluid back and many blood proteins too large to ready pass through remain in capillaries. At the arterial end, fluid flows out into the interstitial fluid. Ant the venule end, fluid flows from the interstitial fluid onto the capillary

Question 11

Describe hemostasis

Answer 11

Smooth muscles of damaged arteries contract and causes vascular spasm, leading to construction of blood vessel and reading blood flow and thus blood loss

Platelets then stick to the damaged blood vessel. The platelets aggregate to form a platelet plug.

Blood clotting then happens and results in formation of the prothrombin activator.

Question 12

Describe blood clotting

Answer 12

Damaged tissues and platelets activate the prothrombin activator which activates prothrombin to thrombin which leads to soluble fibrinogen becoming insoluble fibrin threads to form a mesh work to trap RBS and seal wounds

Question 13

What is phagocytosis

Answer 13

Bacteria is engulfed and ingested

Question 14

What are B cells (white blood cells)

Answer 14

B cells produce antibodies that attack to bacteria and activate mechanisms that destroy bacteria

Question 15

What are T cells (WBS)

Answer 15

They attack and destroy the cells where viruses are found

Question 16

What is the structure of antibodies

Answer 16

It consists of 4 polypeptides linked by disulfide linkages. They include two heavy chains and two light chains. Each has two identical antigen-binding sites.

Question 17

What are antigens

Answer 17

Some are free molecules and some are components of plasma membranes and bacteria cell walls

Question 18

What is anemia and it’s symptoms

Answer 18

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced. Person feels fatigued and intolerant of cold. Skin appears pale

Question 19

What is sickle cell disease

Answer 19

The RBCs contain abnormal kind of haemoglobin. It forms long, stiff, rodlike structures that bends the cell into a sickle shape.

Symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, paleness, delayed growth

Question 20

What is haemophilia and its symptoms

Answer 20

It’s a hereditary bleeding disorder due to deficiencies in different blood clotting factors. Bleeding will occur spontaneously or only after minor trauma