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Bio > 1 Chemicals Of Life > Flashcards

1 Chemicals Of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference in structure of a-glucose and b-glucose

A

On Carbon 1, the OH group has the same orientation as the group on Carbon2 (bottom) in a-glucose while b-glucose is opposite

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2
Q

What are the two parts of starch?

A

Amylopectin and amylose

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3
Q

Structure of amylopectin?

A

Amylopectin is helical and branched, allowing enzymes to access parts of the molecule for digestion.
It branches every 12-30 a-glucose units

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4
Q

Structure of amylose?

A

Amylose is helical and unbranched

This allows easier conversion of excess glucose to amylose

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5
Q

Structure of glycogen?

A

Glycogen is branched and helical.

It branches every 8-12 a-glucose units

It’s needed for cellular respiration and allows more hydrolytic enzymes to hydrolysis glycogen

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6
Q

Structure of Cellulose?

A

It is straight and unbranched

It’s reduced steric hindrance allows chains to be parallel to each other, resulting in rigid-cross linking between chains for high tensile strength

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7
Q

General formula of monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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8
Q

Which monosaccharides are reducing sugars

A

All monosaccharides

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9
Q

Disaccharides are monosaccharides covalent oh bonded by a ___ reaction that forms ____ linkages

A

Condensation reaction
Glycosidic linkages

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10
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose

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12
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose

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13
Q

Cellulose molecules have OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds with others. This results in:

A

Rigid cross-linking between the chains. In plant cell walls, they are grouped into units called microfibrils

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14
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. source of stored energy that can be released during cellular respiration
  2. used to transport stored energy
  3. function as structural molecules
  4. recognition/signaling molecules
  5. building blocks for other biological molecules
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15
Q

Biochemical test for reducing sugars and it’s three results

A

Benedict’s test
If present, brick red/ orange precipitate
If some present, green or yellow
If absent, blue

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16
Q

Biochemical test for starch and results

A

Iodine test
If present, blue black observed
If absent, iodine remains brown

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17
Q

What are the roles of water?

A
  1. As a solvent
  2. Cohesion and adhesion (transport of nutrients against gravity in plants)
  3. Moderation of temperature
  4. Floating of ice
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18
Q

Orientation of monomer in cellulose ?

A

Alternate B-glucose units are rotated at 180 with respect to each other

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19
Q

General formula description of lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, very few oxygen atoms

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20
Q

Solubility of lipids?

A

Low solubility in water and high solubility in non-polar solvents

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21
Q

What makes up a fatty acid?

A

A hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain tail and a hydrophilic carboxylic group head

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22
Q

What are saturated fatty acids

A

The saturated fatty acids tail will only have single bonds

It allows molecules to be packed together tightly

23
Q

What are kinks in unsaturated fatty acids

A

They are formed by double bonds and prevent the molecule from rotating around the axis of the C=C bond

They prevent unsaturated molecules from packing together tightly

24
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid melting points?

A

Saturated: less fluid and thus higher melting point

Unsaturated: more fluid and thus lower melting point

25
Q

What are triglycerides made of

A

Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

26
Q

What is the bonding in triglycerides

A

Ester bonds from condensation reactions between the glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

27
Q

What is a ester linkage

A

-O-C^=O

28
Q

What are phospholipids

A

They are made of a phosphate group, one glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acid molecules.

It is amphipathic

(Aka it’s the circle thingy or the water oil mono layer thingy)

29
Q

Structure of steroids

A

Common structural motif of 4 interconnecting rings: three 6 membered and one 5 membered ring fused together

30
Q

What is cholesterol made of?

A

A polar hydroxyl group
A steroid ring structure
A short hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
(Amphipathic)

31
Q

Functions of lipids?

A

1.substrate for cellular respiration to produce chemical energy
2. Long term energy storage
3. Components of membranes
4.messengers in intercellular communication
5. Solvent and carrier or lipids

32
Q

What do glycosidic bonds look like

A

2 OH from a or b glucose becomes O to bond the two

33
Q

What does a amide linkage look like

A

^O=C-N-^H
(Like a square 👍)

34
Q

What are proteins made of

A
  1. Amino group
  2. Carboxylic group
    Center C and H
  3. R group
35
Q

What bonds are the primary structure of protein stabilized by

A

Peptide bonds

36
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

It is a sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

37
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein and it’s bonding

A

They are made of two types:
a-helixes
b-pleated sheets

They are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amino acids

38
Q

What is a tertiary protein structure

A

One polypeptide chain folded in 3D shape

39
Q

What is a quaternary structure of protein

A

2 or more polypeptide chains in a protein molecule

40
Q

What is the tertiary and quaternary stabilized by (bonds)

A
  1. Hydrophobic interactions (b/w hydrophobic regions)
  2. Hydrogen bonds (between hydrophilic/polar/ water molecules)
  3. Ionic interactions (only between basic amino and acidic amino acids)
  4. Disulfide linkages (b/w cysteine and cysteine, S-S)
41
Q

What two conditions can cause proteins to be denatured

A

Too low/high pH
Low temp (inactive) and high temp

42
Q

What is denaturation of proteins

A

Disruption of bonds between secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure

43
Q

Functions of proteins?

A
  1. Enzymatic proteins: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
  2. Storage proteins: storage of amino acids
  3. Hormonal proteins: coordination of organism activities
  4. Defensive proteins: protection
  5. Transport proteins
  6. Receptor proteins: response of cell to chemical stimuli
  7. Structural proteins
44
Q

Nucleosides may contain purines. What are they?

A

Adenine
Guanine

45
Q

Nucleosides may contain pyramidines. What are they?

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

46
Q

What are nucleosides

A

A sugar and a base

47
Q

What are nucleotides

A

A sugar, a base and a phosphate group

48
Q

Deoxyribonucleotide vs ribonucleotide

A

DNA vs RNA
Double stranded polynucleotide chains to form double helixes VS generally single strand

49
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

5’ end to 3’ end
Held together by hydrogen bonds
In DNA: A-T, C-G
In RNA A-U, C-G

50
Q

Functions of nucleotides

A
  1. Carries of chemical energy
  2. Specific signaling molecules in cells
51
Q

Function of DNA

A

Carries genetic information

52
Q

Function of RNA

A

Used to specify sequences of amino acids in proteins

53
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated fatty acids on may have SINGLE BONDS neighboring carbons

Bio (17 decks)

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