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Bio > 6) Nervous System > Flashcards

6) Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Somatic vs autonomic nervous system

A

voluntary VS involuntary
Somatic: we are in control of reaction
Autonomic: regulation of functions of internal organs like heart

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2
Q

What does the cerebrum do

A

The right hemisphere controls muscles on the left side of the body. Left hemisphere controls the right. It controls speech, emotions, reading, thinking and learning

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3
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

It is the back of the brain and controls balance and walking and talking

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4
Q

What does the brain stem do

A

It controls hunger, thrust and basic body functions like breathing

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5
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Contains sensory neurons + motor neurons from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

Eg. Knee jerk, withdrawal reflex

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6
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Contains sensory neurons + motor neurons from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands

Eg. Pupil reflex, “fight and flight”, “rest and digest”

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7
Q

What are neurones

A

They are specialized cells that function to conduct nerve impulses

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8
Q

Description of cell body

A

Contains a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, and other organelles

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9
Q

Description of dendron

A

Cytoplasmic extensions from the cell body. The end branches of dendrons are called dendrites. Transmit nerve impulses toward cell body

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10
Q

Description of axon

A

Cytoplasmic extensions from cell body
Ends are called axon terminals
Transmits nerve impulses away from cell body

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11
Q

Description of myelin sheath

A

Insulates axon

Speeds up conduction of nerve impulses along axon

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12
Q

Description of node of ranvier

A

Regions where myelin sheath is absent

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13
Q

Description of axon terminals

A

Transmit nerve impulses to next neuron

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14
Q

Structure of spinal chord

A

Made up of bundles of nerve fibers

Carries messages between brain and rest of body

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15
Q

General functions of nervous systems

A

Sensory receptors -> processing of information -> effector

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16
Q

All parts of eye?

A 
Sclera
Iris
Cornea
Pupil
Aqueous humor
Suspensory ligament
Vitreous humour
Choroid
Retina
Macula
Optic nerve
Optic disc
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17
Q

Define a synapse

A

A junction between two neurons or a junction between a neurone and an effector such as a muscle or a gland

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18
Q

Voluntary action be involuntary action

A

Does not involve sensory neurons, controlled consciously, involves brain

VS

involves sensory neurones, controlled unconsciously and may or may not involve brain

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19
Q

Describe reflex action knee-jerk reflex

A

(Brain not involved/ no relay neuron involved)

1) tap applied at patella tendinitis which stretches the upper thigh muscle
2) stretch receptor detects stretching of thigh muscle
3) sensory neurons transmits nerve impulses to CNS
4) motor neuron transmits impulses from CNS to effector
5) effector: upper thigh muscles contracts and causes the leg to kick upwards

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20
Q

Describe reflex action withdrawal reflex

A

1) finger placed near the heat
2) heat receptor on skin detect heat
3) sensory neurons transmit nerve impulses to spinal chord
4) spinal chord: nerve impulses are transmitted across a synapse to the relay neurone
5) then across another synapse to the motor neuron that transmits the nerve impulse to effector
6) effector: bicep muscle contracts and causes hand to withdraw

21
Q

Features of sclera

A

White fibrous coat that extends from cornea to posterior of eye ball and it is avascular

22
Q

Features of aqueous humour

A

Watery fluid

23
Q

Features of vitreous humour

A

Jelly-like substance

24
Q

Features of cornea

A

Transparent
Denser than air
Avascular

25
Q

Features of choroid

A

Contains black pigmentation

Highly vascularised

26
Q

Features of ciliary body

A

Contains ciliary muscle

27
Q

Features of suspensory ligaments

A

Drive ours structures attached to the ciliary body on one end of the lens

28
Q

Features of iris

A

Pigmented layer

Contains two sets of involuntary muscle

29
Q

Features of lens

A

Biconvex structure

Transparent

30
Q

Features of retina

A

Contains pigmented layer of epithelial cells and a neural layer consisting of photoreceptors

31
Q

Features of macula

A

Yellow oval spot on retina

Obtains highest concentration of blood vessels and photoreceptors

32
Q

Features of fovea

A

At center of macula
Covered in yellow pigment
Cones only, no rods

33
Q

Function of sclera

A

Protects inner parts of eyeballs and gives shape

34
Q

Function of aqueous humour

A

Contribute to bulk of pressure in eyeball which keeps it firm. It allows nutrients to circulate

35
Q

Function of vitreous humour

A

Holds retina against choroid so retina provides even surface for reception of clear images

36
Q

Function of cornea

A

Refraction of light into pupil

37
Q

Function of choroid

A

Reduces internal reflection of light and provides nourishment for eye through many blood vessels

38
Q

Function of ciliary body

A

Controlling thickness of lens

39
Q

Functions of suspensory ligaments

A

Holding lens in position

Tension of fibers help change shape of lens

40
Q

Function of iris

A

Controls amount of light entering eye

41
Q

Function of lens

A

Fine tunes focusing into retina

42
Q

Function of retina

A

Receives and transmits visual input

43
Q

Function of macula

A

Portion of retina that processes sharp, clear, “straight ahead” vision

44
Q

Function of fovea

A

Responsible for sharp vision and solid vision

45
Q

What are cones

A

They provide colour vision

46
Q

What are rods

A

Rods function in dim light and allow us to detect shape and movement due to visual purple pigment (bleached in high light)

47
Q

How are images formed on the retina

A

Light rays refracted through cornea onto lens

Lens cause further refraction and rays are brought to focus on the retina

Final image formed on retina is upside down, laterally inverted, and diminished

48
Q

What happens when an eye looks at a nearer object

A

Stimulus->sensory neurone in optic nerve -> relay neurone in brain -> motor neurone in optic nerve

Effector response:

1) contraction of circular muscle of ciliary body
2) release in tension of suspensory ligaments
3) lens become thicker and more convex

49
Q

What happens when the eye looks at a far object

A

Stimulus->sensory neurone in optic nerve -> relay neurone in brain -> motor neurone in optic nerve

Effector response:

1) relaxation of circular muscle of ciliary body
2) suspensory ligaments become taut
3) lens become thinner and less convex

Bio (17 decks)

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