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BDS3 ANATOMY Student 1 > 7 - Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

7 - Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What does efferent mean?

A
  • motor fibres
  • CNS to PNS
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2
Q

What does afferent mean?

A
  • sensory fibres
  • PNS to CNS
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3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A
  • division of motor neurones
  • efferent
  • voluntary movement
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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • division of motor neurones
  • efferent
  • controls involuntary movements and physiological processes
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5
Q

What is the sympathetic division?

A
  • division of autonomic system
  • efferent
  • “fight or flight” response
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6
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A
  • division of autonomic system
  • efferent
  • “rest and digest”
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7
Q

Describe autonomic pathways.

A
  • efferent
  • 2 neurones that synapse in ganglion
  • preganglionic neurones are myelinated
  • postganglionic neurones are non-myelinated
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8
Q

Describe the pre- and post-ganglionic neurones in the sympathetic system.

A

Pre - shorter
Post - longer
Ganglion is closer to the CNS

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9
Q

Describe the pre- and post-ganglionic neurones in the parasympathetic system.

A

Pre - longer
Post - shorter
Ganglion is closer to target organ

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10
Q

What are the transmitters used in the ANS?

A
  • acetylcholine
  • noradrenaline
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11
Q

What effect does ACh have on the body?

A
  • parasympathetic
  • excited gut
  • slowed heart rate
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12
Q

What are neurones called that release ACh?

A

Cholinergic fibres

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13
Q

What are neurones called that release noradrenaline?

A

Adrenergic fibres

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14
Q

What effect does noradrenaline have on the body?

A
  • sympathetic
  • decrease in gut activity
  • increase in cardiac activity
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15
Q

What makes up the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Craniosacral
- cranial nerves (III,VII, IX, X)
- spinal segments S2-S4

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16
Q

What makes up the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoracolumbar
- spinal segments T1-L2 (lateral horn)

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17
Q

Describe the course of the sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones.

A
  • leave spinal cord via ventral root
  • form a spinal nerve
  • enter the ganglia of the sympathetic chain (white ramus communicans)
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18
Q

Describe the course of post-ganglionic sympathetic neurones.

A
  • synapse in the ganglia at the same level (exit via grey ramus communicans)
  • travel up/down chain to ganglia at different level (exit via grey ramus communicans)
  • exit ganglia via splanchnic nerve to prevertebral ganglion (myelinated)
19
Q

What are the cervical ganglia?

A
  • where pre-ganglionic neurones synapse here on route to the head and neck
  • 3 ganglia (superior/middle/inferior)
  • form peri-arterial plexuses with vessels in the neck
20
Q

Where is the superior cervical plexus located?

A
  • C1/C2
  • nerves travel along ICA and carotid plexus into head
21
Q

Where is the middle cervical ganglion located?

A

C6

22
Q

Where is the inferior cervical ganglion located?

A
  • C7
  • fuses with 1st thoracic ganglion to form stellate ganglion
  • superior to 1st rib
23
Q

What are the branches of the superior cervical ganglion?

A
  • ICA and ECA (forms plexuses)
  • cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4, cervical plexus)
  • pharynx
  • superior cardiac nerves
24
Q

What are the branches of the middle cervical ganglion?

A
  • middle cervical nerves (C5, C6)
  • middle cardiac nerves
25
Q

What are the branches of the inferior cervical ganglion?

A
  • vertebral artery (forms plexus)
  • cervical spinal nerves (C7-T1, C7 and C8 to brachial plexus)
  • inferior cardiac nerves
26
Q

What do the cervical ganglia innervate?

A
  • SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION
  • eyes (dilation)
  • eyelids
  • lacrimal glands
  • salivary glands
  • sweat glands
  • carotid body
27
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A
  • damage to cervical sympathetic trunk (affects ipsilateral side)
  • miosis
  • ptosis
  • flushed face and anhydrosis
28
Q

What is miosis?

A
  • constriction of pupil
  • parasympathetic sphincter is unopposed due to damage to cervical sympathetic trunk
29
Q

What is ptosis?

A
  • drooping of superior eyelid
  • paralysis of smooth muscle component due to damage to cervical sympathetic trunk
30
Q

What causes a flushed face and the absence of sweating in Horner’s syndrome?

A
  • damage to cervical sympathetic trunk
  • lack of sympathetic constriction to blood vessels and sweat glands
31
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A
  • preganglion nerves that exit the sympathetic chain without synapsing
  • synapse at prevertebral ganglia
32
Q

Where are the prevertebral ganglia located?

A
  • anterior to aorta
  • named based on the vessels they are near
33
Q

What are the prevertebral ganglia?

A
  • celiac
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
34
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A
  • located within adrenal gland (superior to kidney)
  • surrounded by adrenal cortex
35
Q

Describe the innervation of the adrenal medulla.

A
  • supplied by sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones
  • synpase with chromaffin cells that release adrenaline and noradrenaline in the blood
36
Q

Describe the ganglion of the occularmotor nerve.

A
  • CN III
  • parasympathetic
  • pre-ganglionic nerve travel from nucleus in brainstem to ciliary ganglion
  • post-ganglionic neurones travel to innervate ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae
37
Q

Describe the ganglion of the facial nerve.

A
  • CN VII
  • pre-ganglionic neurones travel from brainstem to pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
  • pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa
  • submandibular ganglion to submandibular gland via chorda tympani
38
Q

Describe the ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

A
  • CN IX
  • pre-ganglionic neurones travel from brainstem to otic ganglion
  • post-ganglionic nerves travel to parotid gland
39
Q

Where is the ciliary ganglion located?

A

Between optic nerve and lateral rectus muscle

40
Q

Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?

A

Within pterygopalatine fossa

41
Q

Where is the submandibular ganglion located?

A

Suspended from lingual nerve, close to submandibular gland

42
Q

Where is the otic ganglion located?

A
  • directly below foramen ovale
  • medial to maxillary branch
  • posterior to meidal pterygoid
43
Q

Describe the ganglion of vagus nerve.

A
  • CN X
  • no parasympathetic supply within head and neck
  • pre-ganglionic neurones travel from dorsal nucleus within carotid sheath to ganglia close to target organ

BDS3 ANATOMY Student 1 (27 decks)

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