7. A Connected World

Question 1

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)

Answer 1

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), a project started in 1969 by the U.S. Department of Defense, was the beginning of the Internet.

Question 2

Internet

Answer 2

The Internet is a worldwide collection of billions of computers and networks of all sizes. It is a network of networks.

Question 3

Internet backbone

Answer 3

The Internet backbone is a foundation network linked with fiber-optic cables that can support very high bandwidth. It is made up of many interconnected government, academic, commercial, and other high-capacity data routers.

Question 4

Domain Name System (DNS)

Answer 4

When information is transferred from one network to another, domain names are converted to IP addresses by the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol. Servers that use this protocol (called DNS servers) maintain lists of computer and Web site addresses and their associated IP addresses.

Question 5

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Answer 5

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the language used to create Web pages. It defines a page’s layout and appearance by using tags and attributes. A tag delineates a section of the page, such as the header or body; an attribute specifies a value, such as a font color, for a page component.

Question 6

hypermedia

Answer 6

With hypermedia, documents include embedded references to audio, text, images, video, and other documents.

Question 7

hypertext

Answer 7

The embedded references in hypermedia documents are called hypertext; they consist of links that users can click to follow a particular thread (topic).

Question 8

uniform resource locators (URLs)

Answer 8

Uniform resource locators (URLs), also called universal resource locators, identify a Web page. A URL is the address of a document or site on the Internet.

Question 9

Navigational tools

Answer 9

Navigational tools are used to travel from Web site to Web site—as in “surf” the Internet.

Question 10

Search engines

Answer 10

A search engine, such as Google or Bing, is an information system that enables users to retrieve data from the Web by using search terms.

Question 11

Directories

Answer 11

Directories are indexes of information based on keywords embedded in documents, which make it possible for search engines to find what you are looking for.

Question 12

Internet telephony

Answer 12

Internet telephony uses the Internet rather than the telephone network to exchange spoken conversations.

Question 13

Newsgroups

Answer 13

Newsgroups are typically more general in nature and can cover any topic; they allow people to get together for fun or for business purposes.

Question 14

discussion groups

Answer 14

Discussion groups are usually for exchanging opinions and ideas on a specific topic, usually of a technical or scholarly nature. Group members post messages or articles that others in the group can read.

Question 15

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Answer 15

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is the protocol used for Internet telephony.

Question 16

Instant messaging (IM)

Answer 16

Instant messaging (IM) is a service for communicating with others via a private “chat room” on the Internet. It can be a private message between individuals, with a group, or with a broader audience.

Question 17

intranet

Answer 17

An intranet is a network within an organization that uses Internet protocols and technologies (e.g., TCP/IP, which includes File Transfer Protocol, SMTP, and others) for collecting, storing, and disseminating useful information that supports business activities, such as sales, customer service, human resources, and marketing.

Question 18

extranet

Answer 18

An extranet is a secure network that uses the Internet and Web technologies to connect intranets of business partners and enable communication between organizations or between consumers.

Question 19

wiki

Answer 19

A wiki is a type of Web site that allows users to add, delete, and sometimes modify content.

Question 20

Social networking

Answer 20

Social networking refers to a broad class of Web sites and services that allow users to connect with friends, family, and colleagues online as well as meet people with similar interests or hobbies.

Question 21

blog

Answer 21

A blog (short for Weblog) is a journal or newsletter that is updated frequently and intended for the general public. Blogs reflect their authors’ personalities and often include philosophical reflections and opinions on social or political issues.

Question 22

RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds

Answer 22

RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds are a fast, easy way to distribute Web content in eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. It is a subscription service; new content from Web sites you have selected is delivered via a feed reader to one convenient spot.

Question 23

Internet of Everything (IoE)

Answer 23

The Internet of Everything (IoE) refers to Web-based development in which people, processes, data, and things are interconnected via the Internet using various means, such as RFID devices, barcodes, wireless systems (using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi), and QR codes.

Question 24

Internet of Me (IoM)

Answer 24

The Internet of Me (IoM) is a subset of the Internet that gathers and processes information for a given user from the entire Internet and IoT devices to deliver a personalized experience.

Question 25

Internet of Things (IoT)

Answer 25

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to physical objects that are connected to the Internet and to other physical objects.

Question 26

industrial IoT or IIoT

Answer 26

Industrial IoT or IIoT is used to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes such as predictive maintenance and data analytics on factory floors.

Question 27

podcast

Answer 27

A podcast is an electronic audio file that is posted on the Web for users to download to their mobile devices—iPhones, iPods, and iPads, for example—or their computers.

Question 28

smart home

Answer 28

A smart home automates many of the tasks that traditionally were handled manually by humans.

Question 29

Industrial IoT (IIoT)

Answer 29

Industrial IoT or IIoT is used to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes such as predictive maintenance and data analytics on factory floors.