7+8. memory

Question 1

name the different types of memory

Answer 1

sensory memory <1s

Short term (working) memory 1-10s

Long term memory >10s

Question 2

describe sensory memory

Answer 2

registers information about the environment

holds for very brief period

this memory is modality-specific

Question 3

sensory memory has two pathways

Answer 3

iconic memory
- visual sensory memory

Echoic memory
- auditory sensory memory

Question 4

describe short term memory

Answer 4

an intermediate system in which information have to reside on its journey from sensory memory to long term memory

Limited capacity to to hold information

Question 5

what is memory span

Answer 5

memory span = number of elements one can hold in short term memory store

usual limit = 7+/-2

Question 6

damage to the medial temporal lobe can cause…

Answer 6

severe impairment in long term memory but doesn’t effect short term memory

Question 7

what is Baddeley’s theory of working memory?

Answer 7

a different way of categorising short term memory

this model overcomes many limitations of the short term memory model
- therefore has replaces the short term memory model

Question 8

what does the model of short term memory look like

Answer 8

sensory memory –attention-> short term memory –rehearsal-> log term memory

Question 9

what does the model of working memory look like

Answer 9

• visuospatial sketchpad
• episodic buffer
• phonological loop

all contribute to “central executive” which feed back to the contributors

Question 10

two systems of long term memory

Answer 10

Declarative (explicit) memory

• facts and events
• able to explicitly remember these

Non-declarative (implicit) memory
- memories that cant be explicitly retrieved (motor skills)

Question 11

define memory encoding

Answer 11

the way information is processed and how it effects how well it is encoded into the long term memory

information that is processed in a deeper, more meaning full manner will be better encoded

Question 12

what is the main factor that determines how well you learn things?

Answer 12

depth of processing, not whether one intends to learn, can determine the amount of material remembered

Question 13

describe theory of network of memory traces

Answer 13

memory traces are associated with each other

activation of memory traces spread from items currently or recently attended along paths o fa network

Question 14

what is memory strength

Answer 14

the property of memory trace that determines how active the trace can become

increases with learning decays with time

Question 15

what are the two theories of forgetting

Answer 15

the decay theory
- memory traces decay in strength wiht time

The interference theory
- memory traces become less accessible die to increasing interference

forgetting is most likey casued by both

Question 16

what are interference effects

Answer 16

Learning new things causing old memories to be forgotten

with time you learn more, causing more forgetting

Question 17

when does inference occur

Answer 17

only when one is learning multiple pieces of information that have no intrinsic relationship ti one another

but does not happen when information is redundant

Question 18

what is redundancy

Answer 18

when learning redundant material does not interfere with a target memory

Question 19

describe the relationship between retrieval and inference

Answer 19

we make inferences at the time of memory retrieval

sometimes we are not aware that we are making inferences rather than remembering what we actually studied

Question 20

describe plausible retrieval

Answer 20

people often judge what plausibly might be true instead of trying to retrieve exact facts

exact recall and plausible retrieval might be two different types of remembering

plausible retrieval might be inaccurate but in a real-world setting it often works well

Question 21

false memory

what causes it

Answer 21

source confusion

confuse what they actually observe with what they learn from other sources

e.g. eye witness testimony

Question 22

define declarative memory

Answer 22

cannot be consciously retrieved

but manifest themselves in the form of improved performance

Question 23

what is considered procedural memory

Answer 23

sills and habits

implicit knowledge about how to perform tasks

Question 24

what is priming

Answer 24

an enhancement of the processing of a stimulus as a fucntion of prior exposer

takes place without concious awareness