Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1001PSY > 7 > Flashcards

7 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The process by which we take observations, experiences and encounters, convert and store this information so we can store, retrieve and use it at further instances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Processes of memory

A

Encoding: taking information and translating it into a form that can we stored (getting it into the memory system)

Storage: Once translated, the maintenance of memory, seconds, days or a lifetime

Retrieval: Going into memory stores and retrieving information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Middles ages/ Renaissance

A

Memory like a cabinet or a cave. It needed exercise or it would become weak and fade away

1300-1500’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plato

A

Likened to a wax tablet, impressions could be made upon it

420-350 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

1950’s

A

Memory thought of like a computer, with RAM and a hard drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mental representations

A

Sensory reps: visual images, sounds

Verbal reps: information stored in words - concepts such as freedom

Motor reps: memories of motor actions - swinging a tennis racket
- motor reps the least studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model of Memory

A

Look up model

3 seperate stores, 
1. Sensory
2. Short term (STM)
3. Long term (LTM)
Each differs in capacity, seconding format and duration held
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sensory memory (A&S)

A

Extremely large memory store

Holds information on perceived stimulus for a fraction after the stimulus disappears.

Iconic storage: momentary storage of visual information
Echoic storage: momentary storage of auditory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sperling 1960

A

Grid tests, shown items briefly and have to remember as many as possible

Full report mean 4.5 out of 12 (37.5%) items however with partial report (one line at a time) 3.3 out of 4 (82.5%) which changes estimated capacity to be 9.9

Issues: as you write items down you are forgetting other items as they are decaying in your memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensory encoding format

A

A copy of input as it is presented, ie. images, sounds, touch sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory storage capacity

A

Depends on which sense, large 25+ stimuli stored simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Important sensory info

A

Information which receives attention in sensory memory is converted into and stored in STM, the remainder decays rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Real world application of sensory memory

A

When you hear a sentence then ask it to be repeated but then understand after, auditory information is still being held in the echoic memory before encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Short term memory

A

Information from sensory memory that has been attended

Holds onto small amounts of information (limited capacity, approximately 7 items) for short periods of time (limited duration, approximately 20-30 seconds)

Rehearsal can lead to retaining for slightly longer in STM - chanting a phone number over and over (maintenance rehearsal)

Concept has been refined over the years, tweaked into “Working memory”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Long term memory

A

Potentially limitless duration and capacity

Representations of facts, music, actions, images, skills

Extracting information from LTM is called “retrieval”

Related to primacy effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Serial position (Rundus 1971)

A

Research with remembering long lists of words and then recalling as many as possible

Primacy: better recall of first words from list
Recency: better recall of last words from list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primacy effect

A

Better recollection of first event/words/occurrence.

Allows more rehearsal time, therefore more likely to enter LTM, number of rehearsals decline from beginning to end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Recency effect

A

Better recollection of the most recent event/word/occurrence.

Words at the end are still in the STM and therefore are recalled first.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Structure of LTM

A

Look up model

Types of storage:

  • Procedural memory
  • Declarative memory
  • Semantic
  • Episodic

Ways stored:

  • Implicit
  • Explicit
  • Recall
  • Recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory for the “how to” of a skill or procedure (riding a bike)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Declarative memory

A

Memory for facts or event which can be stated or declared

  • Semantic
  • Episodic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Semantic memory

A

General memory for general concepts and knowledge (this is an egg, this is an OJ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories of specific events, rich in sensory experiences (a birthday)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory expressed through conscious recollection (remembering phone numbers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Implicit memory
Memory expressed in behaviour but doesn't need conscious recollection (driving a car)
26
Recall
Spontaneous conscious recollection of LTM (responding to short answer questions)
27
Recognition
Identification of something previously seen or learnt (multiple choice questions)
28
Semantic network
The web like diagram where multiple different items can be linked together through concepts such as colour, category, shape, size Activation spreads out along a link that is connected to an activated node, closer the link = stronger (faster) connection Concepts which are activated are more easily accessed from memory (apple and firetruck through link of red)
29
Levels of processing Craick and Lockhart 1972
Deeper levels of processing produce deeper, stronger, longer lasting memories Shallow: structural Intermediate: phonemic Deep: semantic
30
Shallow processing
Structural processing (appearance): when we encode only the physical qualities such as how the letter looks (font, size, capital)
31
Intermediate processing
Phonemic processing (sound): Encoding by the sound such as rhyming
32
Deep processing
Semantic encoding: Encoding the meaning of the word and relating it to similar words with similar meanings Elaboration and rehearsal involved, therefore a more meaningful analysis (images, thinking, associations) of information leading to better recall "Would the word fit in the sentence", emphasising meaning of verbal input
33
Enriching semantic encoding
Elaboration: linking stimulus to other information at time of encoding (reading multiple examples) Visual imagery: creating a visual image for words to be remembered (useful for concrete words but not abstract concepts) Self-referent encoding: deciding whether/ how information is personal relevant and meaningful
34
Elaboration research
Palmere 1983 People read essays containing multiple different paragraphs. Main ideas were remembered better from paragraphs that had multiple examples rather than fewer or none
35
Self referent research
Rodgers, Kuiper, Kirker 1977 Showed lists of traits to participants such as timid, sly, loveable Questions to induce self referent coding such as "does this word apply to you personally?" Self reference with traits resulted in higher recollection
36
Repetition effect
Repeating something helps convert from STM to LTM
37
Distinctiveness
When something stands out due to colour or category (difference in group)
38
Chunking/ Clustering
Remembering due to being part of a common phrase (toss and turn)
39
False memory
Generalising concepts and coming up with something that was not there/ did not occur
40
Evolution of memory model
- Memory no longer thought of in terms of serial processing model (going through stages) - Memory thought to be comprised of a number of differing models which are discrete but independent (parallel processing, occurring simultaneously) - Recognises remembering is not always conscious or retroactive - Memory no longer likened to computer processing
41
Working memory
A temporary storage and processing of information to solve problems, achieve goals and respond to environmental demands
42
Baddeley and Hitch 1974
Suggest working memory is made up of 3 systems Central Executive Visual memory store (visuospatial sketchpad) Verbal memory store (phonological loop)
43
Central Executive
Controls flow and processing of information but has a limited capacity
44
Visuospatial sketchpad
Visual memory store,temporary image (20-30 seconds) that stores information about location and nature of object
45
Phonological loop
Verbal memory store involved in storage of verbal items (equates to STM) however limited storage capacity
46
How to study visuospatial sketchpad
While focused on a centre point, squares are briefly shown on a screen. You must then identify whether the probe square is a match (same colour and same place) or a mismatch
47
Neuropsychology of working memory
Thought to be directed by pre-frontal cortex Verbal and visual working memory activate different areas of the brain, emphasising different and independent components
48
Working and long term memory
Evidence supporting distinction between WM and LTM: | WM easily accessed however limited capacity
49
LTM deficit
When a person has normal working memory however cannot transfer information into LTM
50
WM deficit
Where a person has normal LTM however only a span of 2 digits
51
Chunking
Using LTM knowledge to increase WM capacity Breaking patterns into smaller chunks and applying meaning or associations to them
52
Example of unchunked memory
A shopping list of items in a random order
53
Example of chunked memory
A shopping list of distinct categories (frozen, dairy, etc)
54
Encoding specificity principle
The ease of retrieval of a memory depends on a match between the way information was encoded and how it is being retrieved Students who read multiple choice questions from a text book will do poorly on a short answer exam Poorer recall if learning is shallow
55
Forms of encoding specificity
Context dependent memory | Mood (state) congruent memory
56
Context dependent memory
Information is easier to retrieve or recall when encoded and retrieved in the same context
57
Mood (state) congruent memory
Information is easier to recall or retrieve when encoded and retrieved in the same emotional state
58
Same context and emotional state provide
Retrieval cues which facilitate recollection
59
Mnemonic devices
Add additional retrieval cues to enhance memory Method of loci SQ4R method
60
Method of loci
visual imagery as a memory aid, providing additional retrieval cues
61
SQ4R method
designed to help remember information from a textbook | Survey, Questions, Read, Recite, Review, Write, providing additional retrieval cues
62
Schema
Influences the way information is encoded and shapes how the information is reconstructed Things consistent with the schema are easier to recall however really inconsistent things are also easier to recall Can sometimes lead to false memories as the schema will fill in the blanks
63
7 memory sins
``` Transcience Absent mindedness Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistance Forgetting ```
64
Transcience
Memories fading with time
65
Absent mindedness
When you need to pay attention and focus to remember
66
Misattribution
Source amnesia
67
Suggestibility
Thinking we remember when in fact we don't
68
Bias
Distortions in real (halo, horn, etc)
69
Persistance
Recurring memories
70
Forgetting
Inability to remember
71
Accuracy of LTM
``` Memory is subject to errors and biases - can be primed - altered by emotional factors Eyewitness testimony - recall of events can be manipulated through using leading questions Flashbulb memory - memories tend to be extremely accurate - associated with traumatic experiences ```
72
Forgetting theories
Ebbinghaus documented rate of forgetting: negative exponential curve where information decays over time Decay theory Interference theory : proactive and retroactive Motivated feeling
73
Decay theory
Memory fades and weakens if not used
74
Interference theories
Proactive: old memories interfere with new ones Retroactive: new memories interfere with old ones
75
Motivated forgetting
Implies forgetting can avoid painful memories

1001PSY (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions