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1
Q

Consciousness

A

General state of mind
Awake v Asleep
Aware v Non-aware of information and actions
A state of awareness of internal mental events and the external environment

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2
Q

Contents of consciousness

A

Thoughts, feelings, perceptions, images, desires, sense of self

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3
Q

Structuralism conscious

A

Studied contents of the the conscious mind in structured blocks

Wundt, Tichner

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4
Q

Functionalism conscious

A

Consciousness as a constantly moving stream of thoughts, feeling and emotions

William James 1890

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5
Q

Psychodynamic conscious

A

3 Systems:
Conscious: mental events we’re aware of

Preconscious: mental events that can be brought to awareness

Unconscious: mental events that are inaccessible, events that are actively kept out of awareness (suppressed traumas)

Freud - iceberg metaphor

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6
Q

Cognitive conscious

A

Dual process model
Outside of awareness: priming, implicit memory, procedural knowledge

Unconscious: fast and efficient, supportive and adaptive responses to external stimuli, operate simultaneously, can influence behaviour

Conscious: slower, deliberate, more effortful

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7
Q

Functions of un/conscious

A

Monitoring: self, environment

Regulating: change

Distributed throughout the hindbrain and midbrain, important for sleep and arousal

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8
Q

Reticular formation damage

A

Can lead to coma.

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9
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Key for conscious control of information processing

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10
Q

Variations of consciousness

A
  1. Circadian rhythms
  2. Sleep
  3. Meditation
  4. Hypnosis
  5. Religious experience
  6. Mind-altering drugs
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11
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Biological process evolved around daily cycle of light and dark (wakefulness, sleep, tired)

Internal biological clock, 18-24 hour cycle involved in arousal level, metabolism, heart rate, body temperature

Peak in the afternoon, during the day, trough during sleep

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12
Q

Circadian rhythms effected by

A

Sunlight - mismatch (jetlag): fatigue, unusual sleep cycle, change in hunger patterns
Effected by direction of travel and amount of timezones passed

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13
Q

Chronotypes

A

Morning (lark): early to bed and early to rise
Evening (owl): late to bed and late to rise

The heart is stronger and better able to withstand surgery in the afternoon rather than the morning (can differ due to chronotype).

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14
Q

Sleep characteristics

A

Minimal movement

Requires high degree of stimuli for arousal (loud noises, noises out of the ordinary)

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15
Q

Functions of sleep

A

Memory consolidation
Energy conservation
Preservation from predators
Restoring bodily functions

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16
Q

Deprivation of sleep

A

Can alter immune function

Lead to hallucinations and perception disorders

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17
Q

Sleep research

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) - measures the brains electrical activity

Electromyography (EMG) - measures muscle activity

Electrooculography (EOG) - measures eye movements

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18
Q

NREM

A

Non-REM

  • stages 1,2,3 and 4
  • help recovery from daily fatigue
  • no rapid eye movements
  • 75-80% of total sleep time
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19
Q

REM

A

Rapid eye movement

  • associated with dreaming
  • very light sleep
  • 20-25% of total sleep time
  • body very still
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20
Q

Sleep cycles

A

Each cycle (NREM and REM) is approximately 90-100 minutes.

4 stages of NREM (80-90 min)
REM (10 min)

Moving through cycles, NREM stages decrease and REM increases, final cycle of REM is approximately 60 minutes

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21
Q

How many cycles in a night?

A

4-6 cycles

22
Q

When is the deepest sleep?

A

The deepest sleep occurs at the beginning of the night when there are longer NREM stages

23
Q

EEG patterns while awake

A

Waves are fast (14 cycles per second) however low voltage (beta waves). When drowsy, alpha waves dominate which are slower (8-12 cycles).

24
Q

Stages of NREM

A

Stage 1: Theta waves, 3-7 cycles per second (CPS). Slow eye movement, muscles relax and blood pressure drops

Stage 2: Sleep spindles (low amplitude activity bursts), 12-14 CPS, K complex (high amplitude waves)

Stage 3: appearance of delta waves
Stage 4: deep state of relaxed sleep, large/slow delta waves appear (stage 3) and predominate (stage 4). Low frequency waves 0.5 to 2 CPS, high amplitude with decreased breathing, slowed heart rate, low body temp and relaxed muscles.
- if woken during these stages we feel very groggy and disorientated

25
REM sleep stage
Rapid eye movement occurs at periodic intervals. Brain pattern similar to being awake and body activity almost as awake (blood pressure, respiration) due to dreaming in which the brain is active. Motor paralysis, dreaming, low voltage but high frequency waves occur
26
Psychodynamic perspective of dreaming
A window into the unconscious. Latent content (meaning) can be inferred from manifest content (dreams).
27
Cognitive perspective of dreaming
Dreams are constructed from the daily issues of the dreamer
28
Biological perspective on dreaming
Dreams represent the cortex attempting to interpret random neural firing when there is no external stimuli OR the consolidation of newly learnt material.
29
Why do we sleep?
Conservation and Restoration REM is necessary for development of vision, motor systems and sensory systems as infant and needed for learning and memory in adults
30
Conservation theory
NREM sleep has evolved to conserve an organisms energy when not searching for food/mates, etc.
31
Restorative theory
The brain works hard an sustains damage while awake, NREM provides an opportunity for the brain to interrupt damage and repair cells
32
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder, an irresistible compulsion to sleep during the day, often accompanied by cataplexy (muscle weakness and loss of control resulting in unconsciousness) Affects 1 in 2000 people and runs in families - possibly a genetic basis Sufferers immediately enter REM Negative social and psychological impact on sufferers
33
CNS disorder
Due to the loss of cells in the hypothalamus, emotional responses tend to bring on an episode Stimulants can help slightly
34
Sleep apnea (apnoea)
Upper respiratory disorder where individuals stop breathing while asleep. The blood oxygen level drops which activates the sympathetic system with emergency hormones waking the person up. Can occur hundreds of times a night, affecting 2% of adults however frequent with premature infants
35
Somnambulism
Sleep walking Affects 7% of children and 2% of adults Associated with stages 3 & 4 of NREM, first 1/3 of the night A failure of muscle paralysis
36
Nightmares
Occur during REM Relatively infrequent in adults however more frequent in children. Can be frequent in adults who have experienced a traumatic event (rape, war)
37
Night Terrors
Associated with NREM Intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic More common in children, very rare in adults Not indicative of emotional disturbance
38
Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that affect mental processes and behaviour by changing conscious awareness of reality Affect neural communication by blocking or stimulating activity at synapses Continued use leads to a tolerance, requiring more to produce the same effect
39
Physiological dependence
Occurs when the body becomes adjusted and dependent on a drug. Tolerance and dependence create an addiction
40
Classes of drugs
1. Depressants 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens 4. Opiates
41
Depressants
Ex: barbiturates, rohypnol, GHB, alcohol, benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety agents) Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting neural transmission to CNS Facilitate transmission at GABA synapses (inhibitory)
42
Alcohol
Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine and enhances GABA activity, inhibiting motor control. At small amounts, people are more relaxed and have quicker reactions however large amounts overtax the CNS Impacts occipital lobe, affecting vision especially at night Neg impacts thinking, problem solving, judgment, emotional stability and loss of motor coordination Prolonged heavy drinking leads to a physical dependence, tolerance and addiction, brain damage - cognitive impairment
43
Stimulants
Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines Increase neurotransmitter levels (norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine) Effects: maintain arousal levels (greater energy/ hyper alertness), increased self-confidence, mood alteration approaching euphoria, paranoid delusions (belief others may harm them) Can lead to long term change in neurotransmitters
44
Cocaine
Increases activity of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine Produces high arousal Chronic use depletes NE and dopamine which can lead to chronic depression, diminished judgement, inflated sense of own abilities, paranoia, anxiety and panic
45
Amphetamines
Molecular structure similar to dopamine and NE, mimicking neurotransmitters Produces hyper arousal, feeling of speeding, euphoria and increased motor activity Can induce psychosis, death (OD) and ill health chronic users
46
Hallucinogens
Psychedelics Produce the most drastic changes in consciousness, alter perceptions of external environment and inner awareness Create hallucinations, vivid perceptions that occur in absence of objective stimulation (seeing/ hearing things that aren't there) Can lead to loss of boundary between self and non-self
47
LSD
Binds to serotonin receptors which can lead to prolonged activation These types of drugs (hallucinogens) have long lasting effects
48
Opiates (Narcotics)
Morphine and heroin bind to same receptor sites as endorphins (naturally occurring substances that affect mood, pain and pleasure [joggers high]) Suppress physical sensation and response to stimulation Withdrawal: harsh physical symptoms, confusion, strong craving for drug
49
Heroin
Intravenous injections lead to initial rush of pleasure (euphoria) Artificial stimulation of endogenous opiate system Long term: Dependence, depression, cognitive impairment
50
Theories
Allow a description to turn into an explanation
51
Positive emission tomography
A PET scan has a patient take radio-active glucose with equipment monitoring where it appears in the brain

1001PSY (6 decks)

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