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1001PSY > 5 > Flashcards

5 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

General state of mind
Awake v Asleep
Aware v Non-aware of information and actions
A state of awareness of internal mental events and the external environment

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2
Q

Contents of consciousness

A

Thoughts, feelings, perceptions, images, desires, sense of self

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3
Q

Structuralism conscious

A

Studied contents of the the conscious mind in structured blocks

Wundt, Tichner

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4
Q

Functionalism conscious

A

Consciousness as a constantly moving stream of thoughts, feeling and emotions

William James 1890

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5
Q

Psychodynamic conscious

A

3 Systems:
Conscious: mental events we’re aware of

Preconscious: mental events that can be brought to awareness

Unconscious: mental events that are inaccessible, events that are actively kept out of awareness (suppressed traumas)

Freud - iceberg metaphor

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6
Q

Cognitive conscious

A

Dual process model
Outside of awareness: priming, implicit memory, procedural knowledge

Unconscious: fast and efficient, supportive and adaptive responses to external stimuli, operate simultaneously, can influence behaviour

Conscious: slower, deliberate, more effortful

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7
Q

Functions of un/conscious

A

Monitoring: self, environment

Regulating: change

Distributed throughout the hindbrain and midbrain, important for sleep and arousal

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8
Q

Reticular formation damage

A

Can lead to coma.

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9
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Key for conscious control of information processing

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10
Q

Variations of consciousness

A
  1. Circadian rhythms
  2. Sleep
  3. Meditation
  4. Hypnosis
  5. Religious experience
  6. Mind-altering drugs
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11
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Biological process evolved around daily cycle of light and dark (wakefulness, sleep, tired)

Internal biological clock, 18-24 hour cycle involved in arousal level, metabolism, heart rate, body temperature

Peak in the afternoon, during the day, trough during sleep

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12
Q

Circadian rhythms effected by

A

Sunlight - mismatch (jetlag): fatigue, unusual sleep cycle, change in hunger patterns
Effected by direction of travel and amount of timezones passed

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13
Q

Chronotypes

A

Morning (lark): early to bed and early to rise
Evening (owl): late to bed and late to rise

The heart is stronger and better able to withstand surgery in the afternoon rather than the morning (can differ due to chronotype).

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14
Q

Sleep characteristics

A

Minimal movement

Requires high degree of stimuli for arousal (loud noises, noises out of the ordinary)

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15
Q

Functions of sleep

A

Memory consolidation
Energy conservation
Preservation from predators
Restoring bodily functions

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16
Q

Deprivation of sleep

A

Can alter immune function

Lead to hallucinations and perception disorders

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17
Q

Sleep research

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) - measures the brains electrical activity

Electromyography (EMG) - measures muscle activity

Electrooculography (EOG) - measures eye movements

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18
Q

NREM

A

Non-REM

  • stages 1,2,3 and 4
  • help recovery from daily fatigue
  • no rapid eye movements
  • 75-80% of total sleep time
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19
Q

REM

A

Rapid eye movement

  • associated with dreaming
  • very light sleep
  • 20-25% of total sleep time
  • body very still
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20
Q

Sleep cycles

A

Each cycle (NREM and REM) is approximately 90-100 minutes.

4 stages of NREM (80-90 min)
REM (10 min)

Moving through cycles, NREM stages decrease and REM increases, final cycle of REM is approximately 60 minutes

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21
Q

How many cycles in a night?

A

4-6 cycles

22
Q

When is the deepest sleep?

A

The deepest sleep occurs at the beginning of the night when there are longer NREM stages

23
Q

EEG patterns while awake

A

Waves are fast (14 cycles per second) however low voltage (beta waves). When drowsy, alpha waves dominate which are slower (8-12 cycles).

24
Q

Stages of NREM

A

Stage 1: Theta waves, 3-7 cycles per second (CPS). Slow eye movement, muscles relax and blood pressure drops

Stage 2: Sleep spindles (low amplitude activity bursts), 12-14 CPS, K complex (high amplitude waves)

Stage 3: appearance of delta waves
Stage 4: deep state of relaxed sleep, large/slow delta waves appear (stage 3) and predominate (stage 4). Low frequency waves 0.5 to 2 CPS, high amplitude with decreased breathing, slowed heart rate, low body temp and relaxed muscles.
- if woken during these stages we feel very groggy and disorientated

25
Q

REM sleep stage

A

Rapid eye movement occurs at periodic intervals.

Brain pattern similar to being awake and body activity almost as awake (blood pressure, respiration) due to dreaming in which the brain is active.

Motor paralysis, dreaming, low voltage but high frequency waves occur

26
Q

Psychodynamic perspective of dreaming

A

A window into the unconscious. Latent content (meaning) can be inferred from manifest content (dreams).

27
Q

Cognitive perspective of dreaming

A

Dreams are constructed from the daily issues of the dreamer

28
Q

Biological perspective on dreaming

A

Dreams represent the cortex attempting to interpret random neural firing when there is no external stimuli OR the consolidation of newly learnt material.

29
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

Conservation and Restoration
REM is necessary for development of vision, motor systems and sensory systems as infant and needed for learning and memory in adults

30
Q

Conservation theory

A

NREM sleep has evolved to conserve an organisms energy when not searching for food/mates, etc.

31
Q

Restorative theory

A

The brain works hard an sustains damage while awake, NREM provides an opportunity for the brain to interrupt damage and repair cells

32
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder, an irresistible compulsion to sleep during the day, often accompanied by cataplexy (muscle weakness and loss of control resulting in unconsciousness)

Affects 1 in 2000 people and runs in families - possibly a genetic basis

Sufferers immediately enter REM

Negative social and psychological impact on sufferers

33
Q

CNS disorder

A

Due to the loss of cells in the hypothalamus, emotional responses tend to bring on an episode

Stimulants can help slightly

34
Q

Sleep apnea (apnoea)

A

Upper respiratory disorder where individuals stop breathing while asleep.

The blood oxygen level drops which activates the sympathetic system with emergency hormones waking the person up.

Can occur hundreds of times a night, affecting 2% of adults however frequent with premature infants

35
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleep walking

Affects 7% of children and 2% of adults

Associated with stages 3 & 4 of NREM, first 1/3 of the night

A failure of muscle paralysis

36
Q

Nightmares

A

Occur during REM

Relatively infrequent in adults however more frequent in children. Can be frequent in adults who have experienced a traumatic event (rape, war)

37
Q

Night Terrors

A

Associated with NREM

Intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic

More common in children, very rare in adults

Not indicative of emotional disturbance

38
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that affect mental processes and behaviour by changing conscious awareness of reality

Affect neural communication by blocking or stimulating activity at synapses

Continued use leads to a tolerance, requiring more to produce the same effect

39
Q

Physiological dependence

A

Occurs when the body becomes adjusted and dependent on a drug. Tolerance and dependence create an addiction

40
Q

Classes of drugs

A
  1. Depressants
  2. Stimulants
  3. Hallucinogens
  4. Opiates
41
Q

Depressants

A

Ex: barbiturates, rohypnol, GHB, alcohol, benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety agents)

Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting neural transmission to CNS

Facilitate transmission at GABA synapses (inhibitory)

42
Q

Alcohol

A

Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine and enhances GABA activity, inhibiting motor control.

At small amounts, people are more relaxed and have quicker reactions however large amounts overtax the CNS

Impacts occipital lobe, affecting vision especially at night

Neg impacts thinking, problem solving, judgment, emotional stability and loss of motor coordination

Prolonged heavy drinking leads to a physical dependence, tolerance and addiction, brain damage - cognitive impairment

43
Q

Stimulants

A

Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

Increase neurotransmitter levels (norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine)

Effects: maintain arousal levels (greater energy/ hyper alertness), increased self-confidence, mood alteration approaching euphoria, paranoid delusions (belief others may harm them)

Can lead to long term change in neurotransmitters

44
Q

Cocaine

A

Increases activity of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine

Produces high arousal

Chronic use depletes NE and dopamine which can lead to chronic depression, diminished judgement, inflated sense of own abilities, paranoia, anxiety and panic

45
Q

Amphetamines

A

Molecular structure similar to dopamine and NE, mimicking neurotransmitters

Produces hyper arousal, feeling of speeding, euphoria and increased motor activity

Can induce psychosis, death (OD) and ill health chronic users

46
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelics

Produce the most drastic changes in consciousness, alter perceptions of external environment and inner awareness

Create hallucinations, vivid perceptions that occur in absence of objective stimulation (seeing/ hearing things that aren’t there)

Can lead to loss of boundary between self and non-self

47
Q

LSD

A

Binds to serotonin receptors which can lead to prolonged activation

These types of drugs (hallucinogens) have long lasting effects

48
Q

Opiates (Narcotics)

A

Morphine and heroin bind to same receptor sites as endorphins (naturally occurring substances that affect mood, pain and pleasure [joggers high])

Suppress physical sensation and response to stimulation

Withdrawal: harsh physical symptoms, confusion, strong craving for drug

49
Q

Heroin

A

Intravenous injections lead to initial rush of pleasure (euphoria)

Artificial stimulation of endogenous opiate system

Long term: Dependence, depression, cognitive impairment

50
Q

Theories

A

Allow a description to turn into an explanation

51
Q

Positive emission tomography

A

A PET scan has a patient take radio-active glucose with equipment monitoring where it appears in the brain

1001PSY (6 decks)

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