6B: Making Sense of the Environment

Question 1

Exogenous

Answer 1

things external to any goals we have, we dont have to tell ourselves to pay attention to these things (ex. bright colors, loud noises)

Question 2

Endogenous

Answer 2

Things internal and intentional, involve internal knowledge to pay attention to

Question 3

Inattentional Blindness

Answer 3

Something right in front of us, we’re not consciously aware of in our visual field when our attention is elsewhere

Question 4

Change Blindness

Answer 4

failure to notice the difference between a previous state and a current state

Question 5

broadbent’s Early Selection theory

Answer 5

1st-Sensory registrer
2nd-selective filter
3rd- Perceptual processing of info into meaning
problem is filter before you assign meaning you would catch your name being said out of context

Question 6

Deutsch and Deutsch’s Late Selection Theory

Answer 6

1st- sensory registry, 2nd perceptual processes, 3rd selective filter, problem: seems wasteful to assign meaning to everything that comes in

Question 7

Treisman’s Attenuation Theory

Answer 7

1st Sensory registry, 2nd Attenuator that weakens useless info and decides wether to give high or low priority, 3rd perceptual processes

Question 8

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 8

neurons die off overtime and synapses, their cerebral cortex shrinks in size

Question 9

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 9

due to lack of B1 and Thiamine in brain, caused by malnutrition, eating disorders, alcoholism, these things make people not process the nutrients that their body needs

Question 10

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

Answer 10

precusor to Korsakoff’s syndrome, possible to reverse if caught and treated with Thiamine injections

Question 11

Interference

Answer 11

Reason for not remembering something. Retroactive decay- when something you learned recently now blocks your ability to learn something new and proactive decay when you learn something new that blocks something you already knew

Question 12

Modes of Memory Retrieval

Answer 12

Free Recall, cued recall, recognition-give the actual item and choose the best one

Question 13

Reward Pathway in the briain

Answer 13

Involves the Ventral tegmental Area that signals: amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus

Question 14

Amygdala

Answer 14

triggers emotions

Question 15

Ventral tegmental Area (VTA)

Answer 15

releases dopamine in the midbrain and that signals different parts of the brain

Question 16

nucleus accumbens

Answer 16

controls motor functions

Question 17

prefrontal cortex

Answer 17

controls attention and planning

Question 18

priming

Answer 18

activation of certain associations in the memory formed when encoding, due to something you experienced recently (Rabbit hare instead of hair example)

Question 19

Retrieval Cues

Answer 19

Priming, context-being in the enviornment in-which you encoded, state- physiological state you encoded, mood that you encoded

Question 20

Universalism idea of Language

Answer 20

your thought dictates the language that develops, thought DETERMINES language

Question 21

Piaget’s Idea of Language

Answer 21

THought INFLUENCES language, when kids are able to think a certain way then they can develop language to describe their thoughts (“gone”)

Question 22

Vygotsky’s idea of Language Development

Answer 22

Thought is INDEPENDENT from language, but can converge through development

Question 23

Types of Depressants

Answer 23

Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodizepines ( benzos), Opiates

Question 24

Simulants

Answer 24

Caffine, Nicotine, Cocaine, Meth

Question 25

Types of Encoding

Answer 25

Rote rehersal- worse
Chunking- group new info into meaningful units
Mnemonic devices- imagery, Pegword( verbal anchor system), method of loci, acronym
referencing, Spacing ( learning over time )

Question 26

Confabulation

Answer 26

Person makes ups stories to fill in gaps in their memory

Question 27

Opiates

Answer 27

not true depressants, used to treat pain and anxiety, acts at receptor sites for endorphins so they cause euphoria ex: heroine and morphine

Question 28

Barbiturates

Answer 28

(tranquilizers) induces sleep, reduce anxiety, depress the CNS, reduces memory, judgement, concentration

Question 29

Benzodiazepines (Benzos)

Answer 29

inhance brain response to GABA (inhibitory NTs) allows high amounts of ions into neurons increasing their negativity and making them more resistant to excitation, aids in sleep (Short acting, int. acting and long acting )

Question 30

Sensory Memory

Answer 30

the first interaction with info from your environment, temporary register of your senses, iconic for memory of what you see and echoic memory of what you hear

Question 31

Working Memory

Answer 31

memory of whats in your mind at the current moment, can hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information at a time. visual-spatial sketchpad, phonological loop, central executive, episodic buffer connects to long-term memory

Question 32

Explicit memory

Answer 32

declarative, facts or events you can clearly describe, semantic (words), episodic (events)