6a. The Impact of Fundamentalism, Liberalism and Modernism

Question 1

Keswick Movement

Answer 1

Holiness movements within the Anglican Church. They started around a revival in the Lake Country of England known as Keswick.

Question 2

Wesleyan-Holiness Movement

Answer 2

142.

Question 3

Charles Darwin

Answer 3

Published “Origin of the Species” and “The Descent of Man”. His view of natural selection began to be used in social sciences and political thinking. His view of evolution shook American thought. Darwin and Darwinism became as serious a threat as the church had ever faced. Genesis 1-3 had to be read in a while new way.

Question 4

Herbert Spencer

Answer 4

Popularized the ideas of Darwin and gave his views the force of natural law in the fields of social relations and economics. If what Darwin was saying was true, then Genesis 1-3 would need to be reinterpreted.

Question 5

Julius Wellhausen

Answer 5

Wrote “History of Israel”, which argued that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses. Bible was a collection of materials that also included folklore and poetry. Argued that some parts of the OT had been written after the exile.

Question 6

William James

Answer 6

Used Darwin and Wellhausen’s work and applied it to psychology and sociology of religion.

Question 7

What were the three responses to the crisis of faith brought about by Darwin and Wellhausen, and William James?

Answer 7

Fundamentalism, Scientific Modernism, and Evangelical Liberalism.

Question 8

Evangelical Liberalism

Answer 8

143. Those who walked in between Fundamentalism and Scientific Modernism. Evangelical Liberals tended to focus on the unity of God.
144. Very weak on atonement, mostly because they didn’t believe that people were totally depraved.
145. Jesus’ atonement wasn’t very strong in their arguments, mostly because he was seen as someone we should follow as a moral teacher.
146. The wrath of God wasn’t fully embraced, he was inherently good and benevolent.
147. The divinity of Jesus was also something they questioned.

But . . .

1. It does look like they were concerned with the plight of the poor. Sheldon took a year to be with the people and learn from them.

Question 9

Fundamentalism

Answer 9

143. Refused to accept any of the work scientist and sociologists made, and their implications on the faith.

Question 10

“History of Israel”

Answer 10

143.Written by Julius Wellhausen. Wellhausen said that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses. Began to look at how the bible had been developed and put together over a long period of time. He said that some stories in the OT were folklore and poetry.

Question 11

Charles Chauncey

Answer 11

143. Started the Unitarian Church with Jonathan Mayhew.

Question 12

Jonothan Mayhew

Answer 12

143. Started the Unitarian Church with Charles Chauncey.

Question 13

Unitarianism

Answer 13

143. Chauncey and Mayhew founded the Unitarian church as a “rational” Enlightenment response to the excess emotion they saw in the First Great Awakening. Evidence for how Christians used the Enlightenment towards weird and heretical ends.

Question 14

Baltimore Sermon

Answer 14

143. Preached by William Channing as a defense for Unitarianism against Christian Orthodoxy.

Having set the stage for biblical interpretation, Channing’s second task was to lay out four reason-based conclusions of Unitarian Christians. He began with the unity of God, as opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity. Next, he postulated Christ as fully human, as opposed to having two natures, human and divine. Then he spoke of the moral perfection of God, which negated such doctrines as Original Sin and the eternal suffering of some while others were elected to salvation. Channing’s fourth point was about the purpose of Jesus’ mission on earth. He rejected the idea that Jesus’ death atoned for human sin, allowing God to forgive humanity.

Question 15

Transcendentalism

Answer 15

143. 143. A movement that found Calvinis Orthodoxy too harsh, and Unitarian rationalism too arid. Founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Question 16

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Answer 16

143. Founded Transcendentalism.

Question 17

Arianism

Answer 17

143. A heresy brought about by Arius, who argued that Jesus was not the incarnation of a divine God. God spoke the Logos into existence, and was therefore made. If Jesus was made, then he’s not divine. The words “begotten not made” in the Nicene Creed are in direct opposition to Arian. Jehovah’s witnesses and Unitarians have Arian theology.

Question 18

Another word for Evangelical Liberalism.

Answer 18

Progressive Orthodoxy

Question 19

Horace Bushnell

Answer 19

Evangelical Liberal. Bushnell came close to not believing in the humanity of Jesus, which put him really close to monophysite views of the Oriental Orthodox Church. Most Liberal Evangelicals rejected this view.

Question 20

Walter Rauschenbusch

Answer 20

Evangelical Liberal

Question 21

Scientific Modernism

Answer 21

143. A reaction to Darwin and Wellhausen that suggested that the traditional vocabulary of faith and modes of faith needed to be replaced completely.

Question 22

Modalism

Answer 22

The unorthodox belief that God has revealed himself in three different ways. This is in contrast to trinitarianism, which believes that God is one being who exists in three persons. Modalism believes that God only exists in one mode at a time. So when Jesus was on earth, God was not in heaven. When the Holy Spirit was at work in Acts, that was the mode that God was choosing to reveal himself as.

United Pentecostal and United Apostolic Churches believe have modalist theologies.

Question 23

Arias

Answer 23

Presbyter in the Church of Alexandria in the 3rd Century who believed that Jesus was not divine. The words, “begotten not made” in the Nicene Creed were put there to combat his heresy. Arian said that Jesus was not the incarnation of a divine God, but that he had been made by God.

Question 24

Why did Evangelical Liberalism emerge?

Answer 24

Because pastors of blue collar workers were responding to the needs of the people in their churches. They wanted to preach the gospel in a way that was culturally relevant, and they wanted to be able to provide apologetics in a way that could be understood from a scientific point of view.

The blue collar workers often worked bad hours under horrible conditions, and they had confrontations with capitalists who took advantage of them. Those pastors encouraged their people to unionize, and to take on forms of democratic socialism.

Question 25

theistic evolutionists

Answer 25

Christians who believe that God made human beings through evolution, and that evolution didn’t happen just by chance. They still believe God is the Divine Creator.

Question 26

What was the theological implication of on sin of accepting evolution?

Answer 26

If Adam and Eve didn’t exist, then original sin was not real. Total depravity did not exist.

Question 27

Who came up with Christian Nurture?

Answer 27

Bushnell

Question 28

What is Christian Nurture?

Answer 28

According to Bushnell, theology is not a set of rational beliefs someone has that lead to the conclusion that Christ is Lord. That conclusion comes about because they’ve been nurtured to believe that. In other words, most people are Christian because they grew up in a Christian society and home and watched their parents do it. He believed Calvinist Orthodoxy was thinking too rationally.

Question 29

Charles Meridian Sheldon

Answer 29

Influenced by Bushnell’s “Christian Nurture” idea. Sheldon took a year to work with the people, and used what he learn to write his sermons. He understood deeply the plight of the poor and disenfranchised.

Question 30

“In His Steps”

Answer 30

Charles Meridian Sheldon. This book is where the phrase, “What would Jesus do?” comes from. The painter in the story goes to the front of the congregation and asks them to think about what it would take for them to follow in His footsteps, and then he dies. The book was used to encourage people to follow in Jesus’ footsteps, but its understanding of atonement is questionable.

Question 31

Robert W. Smith

Answer 31

Smith wrote an article in the Encyclopedia Britannica on the bible. Advocated for a Calvinist view of inspired scripture, but also mentioned the use of “higher criticism”. Got him in trouble.

Question 32

New School Presbyterianism

Answer 32

The New School Presbyterians had a high regard of scripture and opposed Darwinism and the influence of Europeans (German) theology Liberal theology at the end of the 1800s. They also had a high regard for the revivalism, but not of the efforts of Charles Finney. They were like Charismatic Presbyterians.

Question 33

Charles Briggs

Answer 33

New School Presbyterian professor who taught at Union Theological Seminary. He was very Orthodox, but also considered an Evangelical Liberal. He had conservative theology, but had a high regard for the scientific study of scripture. His views ultimately led him to conclude against the inerrancy of scripture.

Question 34

“Presbyterian Review”

Answer 34

A journal started by Charles Briggs at Union Theological Seminary.

Question 35

Benjamin Warfield

Answer 35

Warfield argued against Charles Briggs in “The Presbyterian Review”, he said that scripture did not have error in it and was divinely inspired. Briggs did not believe in inerrancy.

He later started his own journal, called “the Presbyterian and Reformed Review”.

Question 36

What happened to the Presbyterian Church in response to Briggs’ view of scripture.

Answer 36

The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church broke its ties with Union Theological Seminary, they terminated Briggs ordination, and affirmed the inerrancy of scripture.

Question 37

What were some of the social factor that led to the rise of fundamentalism?

Answer 37

1. The growth of the labor force through the emancipation of slaves and immigration.
2. The industrialization and urbanization of America.
3. The unprescedented growth of the Catholic Church in America.
4. the impact of Darwin and Wellhausen.
5. Confrontation between labor and capital.
6. Revivalism in the frontier.

Question 38

How did revivalism impact fundamentalism?

Answer 38

Revivalism in the frontier carried anti-intellectual components because the gospel was being proclaimed by people who were uneducated. These people had an excessive reliance on the bible as authority (because they didn’t know anything else), and they had a very specific approach on interpreting scripture called biblical literalism.

Question 39

How did America’s isolation impact fundamentalism?

Answer 39

American churches could not claim the authority of the State religion, of tradition, or of the authority of the Church itself, because they were so far removed from Europe. The bible became to ONLY authority.

Question 40

What are some of the characteristics of fundamentalism?

Answer 40

1. A complete rejection of Enlightenment thinking and especially of Darwin and Wellhausen.
2. Strong biblical literalism, and authority is on scripture alone.
3. Dispensationalism. Scripture is scene through a dispensationalist lens, which is used to interpret parts of scripture that are prophetic.
4. Pre-millenealist view that made them see news in a very pessimistic tone.

Question 41

A.B. Simpson

Answer 41

Founder of Christian Missionary Alliance and the American Bible School.

Question 42

Moody, Dwight L.

Answer 42

Founded the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. A very conservative bible school that taught men about the bible. It was a bridge between the laity and ministers.

Question 43

“Niagra Creed”

Answer 43

14 articles that were adopted by fundamentalists. It was later reduced to five points.

1. Inerrancy of Scripture
2. Virgin Birth
3. full deity of Jesus
4. substitutionary atonement
5. bodily resurrection at the time of the physical return of Jesus

Question 44

What was the five points that were adopted by Presbyterians after the “Niagra Creed”?

What were these points called?

Answer 44

1. Inerrancy of Scripture
2. Virgin Birth
3. substitutionary atonement
4. bodily resurrection
5. the miracles of Jesus

These points were called the “Auburn Affirmation”.

Question 45

Fundamentals

Answer 45

Doctrinal pamphlets that were published by Lyman and Stewart Milton to advance the conservative agenda. That’s were the movement got its name.

Question 46

William Jennings Bryan

Answer 46

Conservative who used anti-communist sentiment to argue against modernists.

Bryan also tried to get an anti-evolution resolution passed in the Presbyterian Church. He had a lot of pithy remarks against science and evolution.

Bryan was one of the fundamentalists who argued against evolution at the Scopes Trial. He went head to head with Charles Darrow, the defense attorney for John Scopes.

Question 47

J. Gresham Mechen

Answer 47

Fundamentalist who preferred to be called a Calvinist. Machen studied under German Liberals in his youth and disagreed with them. He became a Presbyterian pastor. He believed that God had acted in history, and therefore Christians could not ignore the questions that science and history posed for theology. He was against anti-intellectualism on the one hand, and irrationalism on the other. Robeck thinks Machen was the most sophisticated of the fundamentalist theologians.

Question 48

Harry Fosdick

Answer 48

Preached a sermon against the Fundamentalist in which he said that they were intolerable. He accused them of being arrogant for saying that people who didn’t have their view weren’t Christian. He said that what was being argued were trite points. His sermon is considered one of the hottest controversies in American church history. The Modernist hated him, and so did the Fundamentalist. Basically, he drew a line in the sand and picked a fight.

Question 49

John Butler

Answer 49

Passed a law in Tennessee that made it illegal to teach evolution. After this, 7 states passed similar laws.

Question 50

John T. Scopes

Answer 50

Scopes was a biology teacher who taught evolution in school, knowing full well that the law said he couldn’t. He did it anyway, and made public the fact that he had. He was arrested for teaching evolution. He was convicted and fined $100.

Question 51

Clarence Darrow

Answer 51

Defended John Scopes in trial.

Question 52

What was the effects of the Scopes Trial?

Answer 52

Fundamentalists were seen from this point on as narrow minded bigots. It was a huge blow to what they were trying to accomplish. The movement died and came back after WWII.

Question 53

Essay Question: 1. During the 19th Century, most of the historic Protestant or “mainline” churches had members who represented a spectrum of beliefs. While being historically “evangelical” many had moved into more “progressive” stances. Yet these churches generally managed to stay together. As the 20th Century dawned, however, new factors emerged that seemingly made that basic unity impossible to maintain. Name and explain three of these new factors?

Answer 53

study

Question 54

Essay Question: 2. The struggle to maintain unity within the churches or denominations has always been difficult. In one sense, the Evangelical Liberals argued that the unity of the Church was the highest value to be maintained. It could be maintained if everyone would be a bit more tolerant of differences of opinion. On the other hand, Conservatives argued that the truth that the Church proclaimed was the highest value that needed to be preserved. Truth could not be maintained if they were being asked to tolerate error. From what you have read and what we have discussed, show how these two values contributed to schism and sectarianism. Do they still manifest themselves today? If they do, give and explain one example?

Answer 54

study

Question 55

Essay Question: 3. It is clear that the doctrine of Scripture played a significant role in the Liberal/Conservative debates of the 1920s. In our own day, we have seen further evidence of the debates over Scripture. List at least three issues related to Scripture that played a role in the debates of the 1920s. Evaluate the relative merits of the positions that were taken on these issues. In what way(s) do they have an impact on the contemporary church?

Answer 55

study

Question 56

Dispensationalism

Answer 56

Dispensationalism is an evangelical, futurist, Biblical interpretation that understands God to have related to human beings in different ways under different Biblical covenants in a series of “dispensations,” or periods in history.

As a system, dispensationalism is expounded in the writings of John Nelson Darby (1800–1882) and the Plymouth Brethren movement,[1]:10 and propagated through works such as Cyrus Scofield’s Scofield Reference Bible. The theology of dispensationalism consists of a distinctive eschatological end times perspective, as all dispensationalists hold to premillennialism and most hold to a pretribulation rapture. Dispensationalists believe that the nation of Israel is distinct from the Christian Church,[2]:322 and that God has yet to fulfill his promises to national Israel. These promises include the land promises, which in the future world to come result in a millennial kingdom and Third Temple where Christ, upon his return, will rule the world from Jerusalem[3] for a thousand years. In other areas of theology, dispensationalists hold to a wide range of beliefs within the evangelical and fundamentalist spectrum.[1]:13

Question 57

Documentary Hypothesis

Answer 57

Wellhausen became widely known on both sides of the Atlantic through his work on the so-called “Documentary Hypothesis” in which he tried to demonstrate that the Pentateuch was not merely the work of a single author (Moses), but a developing work written by a series of authors (JEPD – Jahwist, Elohimist, Priestly, and Deuteronomist) ultimately brought together by a redactor or series of redactors

Question 58

Ineffabilis Deus

Answer 58

In 1854, Pope Pius IX declared that the Virgin Mary had been the object of the Immaculate Conception. This teaching, given in the Apostolic Constitution on the Immaculate Conception, Ineffabilis Deus, stated that Mary’s conception transpired “by a singular privilege and grace granted by God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race,” thereby ensuring that she “was preserved exempt from all stain of original sin.”

Question 59

infallibility

Answer 59

E. In 1869, the First Vatican Council began. It continued through the following year. The primary issue was whether the Pope would be declared to possess infallibility at certain, though rare, points in his ministry. The decision of the council was to approve a “dogmatic constitution” on the Catholic faith under the title Pastor aeternus.

Question 60

What is the difference between old school and new school Presbyterianism?

Answer 60

The Old School–New School Controversy was a schism of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America which began in 1837. The Old School, led by Charles Hodge of Princeton Theological Seminary, was much more conservative theologically and was not supportive of revivals. It called for traditional Calvinist orthodoxy as outlined in the Westminster standards. The New School derived from the reconstructions of Calvinism by New England Puritans Jonathan Edwards, Samuel Hopkins and Joseph Bellamy and wholly embraced revivalism. Though there was much diversity among them, the Edwardsian Calvinists commonly rejected what they called “Old Calvinism” in light of their understandings of God, the human person and the Bible. In the 1820s Nathaniel William Taylor, professor at Yale, was the leading figure behind a smaller strand of Edwardsian Calvinism which came to be called “the New Haven theology”. Taylor developed Edwardsian Calvinism further, interpreting regeneration in ways he thought consistent with Edwards and his New England followers and appropriate for the work of revivalism. The Old School rejected this idea as heresy suspicious as they were of all New School revivalism.

Question 61

Pastor aeternus

Answer 61

Pastor aeternus made explicit the teaching on papal infallibility.

Question 62

What Pope excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople?

Answer 62

Pope Leo IX excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Question 63

What Pope ended slavery?

Answer 63

But the issue of slavery was not limited to philosophers alone. It also became a topic of discussion among Roman Catholics after Pope Clement XI (1649-1721) let the Portuguese and Spanish know that slavery had to come to an end.

Question 64

Who was the second Superintendent of the Moody Bible Institute?

Answer 64

R.A. Torrey

Question 65

Uniate Churches

Answer 65

In addition to these Orthodox churches, there are a number of churches defined as Eastern Rite Catholic Churches that are sometimes confused as Orthodox churches. Sometimes they are called Greek Catholic churches, especially in the older literature, but in more recent years they have been called “Uniate Churches”. These congregations are made up largely of former Orthodox believers, who number about 17,000,000 members. Today they find themselves in a disputed middle ground. The term “Uniate” is a negative term, generally used by the Orthodox to describe these believers in a manner to Rome’s use of the word “Sect”.