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Biology A2 Rafa > 6.6 Populations and Sustainability > Flashcards

6.6 Populations and Sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

What is carrying capacity (k)?

A

the maximum population size that can be maintained over a period in a particular habitat

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2
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

the factor whose magnitude slows down the rate of a natural process

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3
Q

Define interspecific competition

A

competitions between individuals of different species

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4
Q

Define intraspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of the same species

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5
Q

What is conservation?

A

maintenance of biodiversity, including diversity between species, genetic diversity within species, and maintenance of a variety of habitats and ecosystems

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6
Q

What is preservation?

A

maintenance of habitats and ecosystems in their present condition, minimising human impact

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7
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals of one species that occupy the same habitat at the same time

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8
Q

What are the two types of strategists?

A

k and r

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9
Q

Abiotic limiting factors

A
  • temperature
  • light
  • pH
  • humidity
  • water availability
  • O2
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10
Q

Biotic limiting factors

A
  • predation
  • competition for resources
  • disease
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11
Q

What type of strategists are determined by carrying capacity?

A

k

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12
Q

Examples of k strategists

A

birds, large mammals

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13
Q

Characteristics of k strategists

A
  • low reproductive rate
  • slow development
  • late reproductive age
  • long lifespan
  • large body mass
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14
Q

Characteristics of r strategists

A
  • high reproductive rate
  • quick development
  • young reproductive age
  • short life span
  • small body mass
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15
Q

What happens to r-strategists?

A

exceed theoretical carrying capacity, species die and out migrate

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16
Q

Threats to biodiversity

A
  • overexploitation (food, sport, commerce)
  • habitat disruption/ fragmentation (agriculture, pollution, urbanisation)
  • introduction of new species that outcompete native species
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17
Q

Things to take into account with conservation strategies

A
  • social and economic costs to local community

- communication/liaison with local community

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18
Q

Conservation strategies

A
  • raise carrying capacity with extra food
  • move individuals or encourage dispersion between fragmented habitats
  • restrict by fencing
  • control predators and poachers
  • preventing pollution or disruption
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19
Q

Why conserve?

A

ethical, social, economic

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20
Q

List of social and ethical reasons to conserve

A
  • biodiversity harbours future potential
  • breeding drought resistant crops
  • discovering medicines
  • discovering sources of energy and sustainable food
  • natural predatores can act as pest control
  • pollination
  • tourism and recreation
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21
Q

What is sustainable management?

A

Balancing needs of rapidly growing human population and maintaining biodiversity and preventing overexploitation

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22
Q

What is used in small scale timber production?

A

rotational coppicing

-dont cut same section every year

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23
Q

What is coppicing?

A

Stem of a tree is cut close to ground in winter

once it is cut, new shoots grow into narrow stems

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24
Q

Why is rotational coppicing good for biodiversity?

A

Different sections = wont finish succession, less big trees to block out light = more biodiversity

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25
Techniques of modern sustainable forestry
- selective cutting - control pests and pathogens - only grow species that will grow well - position trees optimal distance apart
26
Principles for the sustainable management of fish
- prevent overfishing (keep fish at carrying capacity) - no permanent damage to habitats - must adapt to changing circumstances - aquaculture (rearing fish under controlled conditions)
27
What endangered species are in the terai region?
Bengal roger and greater one horned rhino
28
What are forests in the terai region under pressure from?
Expansion of agriculture Grazing from farm animals Over exploitation of forest resources Replacement of traditional crop varieties with modern ones
29
What can the forests of the terai region provide local people with?
``` Fuel Animal feed Food Building materials Agricultural and household tools Medicines ```
30
What did WWF do to ensure conservation in terai region?
Forest corridors between natural parks Counteracting poachers and illegal felling Constructed waterholes Monitors endangered species and eradicating invasive species Developed small credit and marketing schemes Introduced biogas plants and wood efficient stoves to reduce demand for firewood
31
Where is the terai region?
In the south of Nepal
32
Where is the Maasai Mara?
Kenya
33
What triggered intensification of agricultural practices in the Maasai mara ?
People taking individual title over smaller portions of land Limited wildlife to small areas and constructed mobility of livestock
34
What did land owners do to increase tourism income in the Maasai Mara?
Unionised and turned it into conservancies
35
What are conservancies in the Maasai Mara paid?
Payment for wildlife conservation (PWC) proportional to area of land set aside for conservation or
36
Negative outcomes on conservancies in the Maasai Mara?
- land owners must move livestock out during tourist season , where no one receives PWC - when they settle elsewhere there are constraints on how they use their land
37
When does peat form?
When a lack of oxygen prevents complete decomposition of organic matter Usually due to water logging
38
What moss grows ideally in peat bogs? | Why are peat bogs important?
Sphagnum Moss Stopping off and feeding for migrating birds Good for archeological digs
39
Why are peat bogs Being diminished ?
Use as compost
40
What trees have almost been eradicated on Galapagos to make room for agricultural land?
Scalesia
41
Explain over exploitation of resources on Galapagos?
- tortoises (captive breeding) - fishing for expiring species - depletion of sea cucumbers - shark fin market bad
42
Examples of introduced species on Galapagos
- cats hunt lava lizard and young iguanas - goats feed and trample tortoise food supply and disrupt nesting - red quinine has wildly dispersed seeds makes forest canopy which means that Cacaotillo shrub less and Galapagos petrel has lost nesting site
43
How do we stop invasive species on Galapagos?
Search arriving boats and tourist groups Natural predators exploited to reduce damage by pests Culling
44
How can we manage effects of human activity on Galapagos?
Educating new residents | Coastal zones are no take areas
45
Why are numbers on krill in Antarctic going down?
- make nutritional supplements - make animal feed - new tech means quick and easy harvest - fishing boats go where there is a lot of krill and natural predators can’t find krill elsewhere
46
How do we stop over exploitation of krill?
Trigger level catch size in particular areas | When reached, fishing just be equal across all areas up to total catch limit
47
How are albatrosses and petrels threatens in the Antarctic?
Pollution, hunting and poaching for eggs, habitat destruction and introduction of non native predators Long line fishing (birds eat and swallow lines)
48
How to protect albatrosses
Bird scaring lines and streamers Weighted lines Lines at night Avoid breeding and nesting time
49
How do we stop limited biodiversity from pine plantations in the Lake District?
More varied planting and felling pattern
50
How do invasive species limit biodiversity in the Lake District? How do we stop this?
Outcompete native species Dense canopy prevents light from reaching floor Roots produce toxic chemicals Conservation workers remove them
51
How is heathland in the Lake District maintained?
Burning strips of vegetation Areas of different ages = bigger variety of animals Managed by grazing
52
What are mines under threat from?
``` Burning Grazing Drainage Agriculture Peat extraction ```
53
How are mines managed in the Lake District?
Rewetted | Artificially controlled water levels
54
What do good footpaths in snowdonia ensure?
Rare plants are not trodden on
55
How is the land on mount snowdon protected?
Good footpaths Gutters take water from paths Rubbish cleared from blocking gutters Worked work with farmers to reduce sheep grazing Monitor feral goat populations Farmers encouraged to plant hedges and conserve ancient woodland
56
What rare birds nest in moorland in snowdonia?
Hen harrier Merlin Kestrel Rare butterflies
57
How do humans affect moorland in snowdonia negatively?
- farmers dig open drainage ditches (increases flood risk and poor water quality in rivers) - conifers being painted as cash crops(absorb water and the roads that carry wood away compact the land) - burning for varied habitat (accidental fire and peat on fire = large scale damage)
58
How can drainage ditches be blocked in snowdonia to stop land drying?
Hay bales
59
How do we keep the land moist in snowdonia where conifer trees grow?
Branches used to block drainage ditches
60
How do we burn land without damaging in snowdonia?
Controlled fires before Heather gets too old and dry
74
What is it called when you cut the stem of a tree higher up?
Pollarding
75
What do goats feed on in the Galapagos?
Galapagos rock-purslane, a species unique to the islands

Biology A2 Rafa (14 decks)

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