Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology A2 Rafa > 5.5 Animal Responses > Flashcards

5.5 Animal Responses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define autonomic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system responsible for controlling the involuntary motor activities of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define central nervous system

A

the central part of the nervous system composed of the brain and the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor nerves connecting the sensory receptors and effectors to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define somatic nervous system

A

the motor neurones under conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

CNS and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the CNS divided into?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

sensory system and motor system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the motor system divided into?

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of neurones are in the brain?

A

mostly relay

mostly non-myelinated (grey matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of neurones are in the spinal cord?

A

mostly relay

mostly grey, some white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

ensures rapid communication between the sensory receptors, the CNS and the effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

mostly skeletal muscle
mostly myelinated
1 neurone
voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

not voluntary control (eg glands, cardiac muscle, sooth muscle)
mostly non-myelinated
usually at least 2 neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous sytems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Prepares the body for activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Conserves energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Differences in the organisation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A
  • Sympathetic has many different nerves to many different effectors/ parasympathetic has a few nerves to a lot of effectors
  • in S, the ganglia lie just outside CNS, in P ganglia are in effector tissue
  • in S there are short pre-ganglionic neurones, in P they are long
  • in S there are long post-ganglionic neurones, in P they are short
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Structure that contains many nerve cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Effects of sympathetic system

A
  • increased heart rate
  • dilated pupils
  • increased rate of ventilation
  • reducing digestive activity
  • orgasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Effects of parasympathetic system

A
  • decreased heart rate
  • constricted pupils
  • reduced ventilation rate
  • increased digestive activity
  • sexual arousal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A
  • conscious thought
  • conscious actions
  • emotion
  • reasoning
  • memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

coordinates muscles, balance and posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

controls breathing rate and heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

controls hormone release by body glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Homeostatic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is the visual area of the brain and what is it called?

A

Occipital lobe, back of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define knee jerk reflex

A

a reflex action that straightens the leg when the tendon below the knee cap is tapped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define reflex action

A

a response that does not involve any processing by the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What controls movement apart from the cerebellum?

A

The motor cortex on the top of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the blinking reflex

A
  • sensory nerve endings in cornea stimulated by touch
  • impulse goes along sensory neurone to relay neurone in CNS
  • relay to motor neurones
  • effectors = orbicularis oculi muscles that move your eyelids
  • muscles contract and eyelids close
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the knee jerk reflex

A
  • stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle detected the muscle is stretched
  • sensory neurone communicates directly with a motor neurone in the spinal cord
  • motor neurone to effector (quad) and it contracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the knee jerk reflex used for?

A

To maintain posture and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do we have reflexes?

A

Survival value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of reflex is the blinking reflex?

A

Cranial reflex (passes through brain but no processing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Briefly describe the optical reflex

A

Stimulus detected by retina
Travels to optical centre in cerebral cortex
Slower than corneal reflex

38
Q

What type of reflex is the knee jerk reflex?

A

Spinal reflex

39
Q

What do you tap in the knee jerk reflex?

A

Patellar tendon

40
Q

What is involved in the fight or flight response?

A
  • heart rate increased
  • muscles around bronchioles relax for deeper breathing
  • glycogen to glucose
  • arterioles supplying skin and gut constrict
  • arterioles supplying the heart, lungs and skeletal muscles dilate
  • erector pili muscles in the skin contract
  • pupils dilate
  • endorphins released by the brain
41
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in response to a threat?

A

Releases CRH and TRH which stimulate the pituitary gland

Activates sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

ATCH (adrenal cortex: corticoid hormones) and TSH (thyroid gland: thyroxine)

43
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in response to threat?

A

Activates adrenal medulla - secretion of adrenaline into bloodstream

44
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A
  • acts on every cell in the body

- increases metabolic rate

45
Q

How can the heart accommodate changing demands of tissues?

A
  • change heart rate
  • change force of contractions of the heart
  • change stroke volume
46
Q

Names of two nerves that got from the medulla oblongata to the SAN

A

Accelerans nerve and the vagus nerve

47
Q

Describe the accelerans nerve

A

sympathetic
releases noradrenaline
increases heart rate

48
Q

Describe the vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic
releases acetylcholine
decreases heart rate

49
Q

How does the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata control whether to send more signals down the vagus nerve or the accelerans nerve?

A
  • muscle stretch receptors
  • chemoreceptors in carotid arteries, aorta and brain (monitor pH)
  • stretch receptors in the walls of the carotid sinus (monitor blood pressure)
50
Q

Where are artificial pacemakers connected?

A

either directly to the SAN or to the ventricle muscle

51
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

skeletal (voluntary/striated)
cardiac
smooth (involuntary)

52
Q

How would the medulla oblongata affect heart rate in response to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A
  • CO2 forms HCO3- and H+
  • changes in pH detected by receptors in carotid arteries
  • send impulses to medulla oblongata
  • increases impulses along accelerans nerve to SAN
  • heart beats faster
53
Q

What is the membrane of muscle fibre cells called?

A

sarcolemma

54
Q

Whats a muscle cells cytoplasm called?

A

sarcoplasm

55
Q

What are T tubules?

A

transverse tubules
folds of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm
help spread electrical signals throughout sarcoplasm so they can reach all part s of the muscle fibre

56
Q

What are thin filaments made of?

A

Actin

57
Q

What are thick filaments made from?

A

Myosin

58
Q

Features of cardiac muscle

A
  • myogenic
  • made of muscle fibres connected by INTERCALATED DISCS
  • branches so nerve impulses can spread quickly
  • each fibre has one nucleus
  • each fibre is about 0.1mm long
  • dont fatigue
  • looks striped
59
Q

What are intercalated discs for?

A

low electrical resistance so nerve impulses can pass easily between cells

60
Q

Features of smooth muscle

A
  • not striped
  • walls of hollow internal organs
  • each fibre has one nucleus
  • each fibres is about 0.2mm long
  • contract slowly
  • dont fatigue
61
Q

Features of skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary
  • many nuclei
  • fibres can be many cm long
  • has cross-striations
62
Q

How does adrenaline act on cells?

A 
its is a first messenger
binds to receptor 
G protein activated
stimulates activity of adenyl cyclase
ATP to cAMP which is a second messenger and acts on various enzymes
63
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

All of the muscles supplied by one motor neurone

64
Q

Why does excitation between cardiac muscle cells travel faster than it does between connected neurones?

A

Excitation in cardiac cells travels through gap junctions instead of through synapses. This is quicker as non need to wait for fusion of vesicles or diffusion across synapse

65
Q

What is the neurotransmitter and receptor called at neuromuscular junctions?

A

aceytlcholine and nicotinic cholinergic receptors

66
Q

What breaks down acetylcholine after it has been used in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholinesterase stored in clefts on the postsynaptic membrane

67
Q

What is I-band?

A

Light band

Thin actin filaments only

68
Q

What is A-band?

A

Dark band

thick myosin filaments and some overlapping thin actin filaments

69
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

Only myosin filaments

70
Q

What happens to the I-band and the H-zone when the muscle contracts?

A

They get shorter

71
Q

What stays the same length when muscle contracts?

A

A-bands

72
Q

Which filaments have globular heads and binding sites?

A

Myosin filaments

73
Q

What are the binding sites on myosin filaments?

A

for actin
for ATP
for tropomyosin
Ca2+?

74
Q

What are the binding sites on actin filaments for?

A

myosin heads

actin-myosin binding sites

75
Q

What are the proteins that are found between actin filaments called?

A

tropomyosin and troponin

76
Q

What does troponin do?

A

keeps tropomyosin and actin tethered

77
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

winds around actin

blocks myosin binding sites on actin

78
Q

When a muscle is resting what is happening?

A

the actin-myosin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin which is held in place by troponin
myofilaments cant slide past each other

79
Q

How is muscle contraction triggered?

A

The action potential depolarises the sarcolemma
Depolarisation spreads down t - tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm
These bind to troponin and it changes shape
The tropomysoin gets pulled out of the actin-myosin binding site on the actin filamet
This exposes the binding site and the myosin head can bind

80
Q

What is the bond called between a myosin head and an actin filament?

A

Actin-myosin cross bridge

81
Q

How do we get energy needed to move the myosin head?

A

calcium ions also activate the enzyme ATPase which breaks down ATP
This energy is used to move the myosin head a pull the actin filament

82
Q

How does the actin-myosin cross bridge break?

A

ATP provides energy when it detaches

83
Q

What happens when muscle contraction has finished?

A

Ca2+ ions are pumped quickly back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

What are the three main ways of generating ATP?

A

1) Aerobic respiration
2) Anaerobic respiration
3) Creatine phosphate

85
Q

How does aerobic respiration generate energy?

A

Mostly via oxidative phosphorylation

86
Q

How does the ATP-creatine phosphate system generate energy?

A 
ATP made by adding a phosphate group taken from creatine phosphate (CP) to ADP
very quick
short bursts of vigorous exercise
anaerobic and alactic
in sarcoplasm
87
Q

What does an actin filament consist of?

A

two chains of actin subunits twisted around each other

88
Q

What is wound around actin filaments?

A

tropomyosin

89
Q

What does troponin consist of?

A

3 polypeptides

  • 1 binds to actin
  • 1 binds to tropomyosin
  • 1 binds to calcium when it is available
90
Q

What happens during the power stroke?

A

ADP + Pi are released from the myosin head

Biology A2 Rafa (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions