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Biology A2 Rafa > 5.3 Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

5.3 Neuronal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Pacinian corpuscule?

A

a pressure sensor found in the skin

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2
Q

Define sensory receptors

A

cells/sensory nerve endings that respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism and can create action potentials

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3
Q

Define tranducer

A

a cell that converts one form of energy into another - in this case and electrical impulse

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4
Q

Define motor neuron

A

neutrons that can carry an action potential from the CNS to the effector

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5
Q

Define myelinated neuron

A

has an individual layer of myelin around it

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6
Q

Define on-myelinated neuron

A

has no individual layer of myelin

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7
Q

Define relay neurone

A

join sensory neutrons to motor neurons

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8
Q

Define sensory neurons

A

neurones that carry an action potential from the sensory receptor to the CNS

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9
Q

Define action potential

A

a brief reversal of the potential across a membrane of a neurone causing a peak of +40mV compared to a resting potential of -60mV

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10
Q

Define positive feedback

A

a mechanism that increases a change taking the system further away from the optimum

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11
Q

Define resting potential

A

The potential difference across the membrane while the neurone is at rest

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12
Q

Define cholinergic synapse

A

a synapse that uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

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13
Q

Define neurotransmitter

A

A chemical used as a signalling molecule between two neurones in a synapse

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14
Q

What is summation?

A

occurs when the effects of several excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) are added together

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15
Q

Which ion is higher outside

A

Na

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16
Q

Which ion is higher inside the cell

A

K

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17
Q

What is resting potential value

A

-60mV

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18
Q

What happens when sodium channels open

A

Cell is depolarised

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19
Q

What are Schwann cells

A

Insulate the electrical acitivity

unmyeinated cells are only loosely sheathed

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20
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

3Na out

2K in

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21
Q

IS the inside of a cell more positive or negative inside at rest

A

Positive outside

Negative insdie

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22
Q

Stages of an action potential

A

1) Na channels opened by action of synapse and ions diffuse in. This is depolarising the cell
This is generator potential.
If it possesses the threshold of the cell, an action potential is created (if there are a lot of them)

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23
Q

Why is it called an all or nothing response?

A

If big enough to reach threshold, action potential will be created but it will always be the same

24
Q

How is creating action potentials an example of positive feedback?

A

Na depolarisation cause voltage gated sodium channels to open nearby which causes the cell to depolarise even more

25
Q

what happens when na channels close in an action potential?

A

K channels open,

K ions leave by diffusion, this is repolarisaton, as the inside of the cell is more negative

26
Q

What is hyper polarisation?

A

The refractory period

  • Na channels are closed so there are no ways to generate another generator potential
  • Na and K ions switched places and we need time for the sodium potassium pump to work
27
Q

Gap between neurone name

A

Synaptic cleft

28
Q

Why is there are lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in synapse

A

Put everything in vesicles

29
Q

Describe acetyl choline receptor

A

Five subunits
2 contain acetylcholine binding sites
need to acetylcholine molecules per ion channels

30
Q

Describe trasmissione across. a synapse

A
  • action potential arrives at the synaptic bulb
  • change in membrane potential causes voltage gated ca2+ channels to open
  • calciumionsdiffuse in to the presynaptic bulb
  • Ca2+ causes vesicles with acetylcholine to fuse with membrane and acetylcholine moves into the synaptic cleft
31
Q

Role of acetylcholinesterase

A

It hydrolyses acetylcholine into ethnic acid and choline
these diffuse into presynaptic bulb and are recombined to form acetylcholine using ATP
This is stored in presynaptic vesicles

32
Q

Temporal summation

A

several action potentials in the same presynaptic neuron

33
Q

Spatial summation

A

action potentials arriving from several different pre-synaptic neurones

34
Q

What does EPSP stand for

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

35
Q

What does IPSP stand for

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

36
Q

What do IPSPs do

A

inhibit EPSPs (e.g. can make cl- go into cell or k+ to leave)

37
Q

What does the pacinian corpuscle look like?

A

concentric rings of connective tissue

response to CHANGES in pressure

38
Q

What does a sodium potassium pump do?

A

Pumps 3 sodium out of cells and 2 potassium into cells

39
Q

Where is there more sodium?

A

outside the cell

40
Q

Where is there more potassium?

A

inside the cell

41
Q

What is the value of resting potential?

A

-60mV

42
Q

What carries impulse towards cell body?

A

dendron

43
Q

What carries nerve impulse away from cell body?

A

axon

44
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Insulate electrical activity
Stop neurons touching each other
Loose sheath

45
Q

Which type of neuron has long dendrites?

A

Sensory

46
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier and how long are they?

A

Bits between schwann cells that myelinate

2-3 micrometeres

47
Q

How long is a schwann cell that is myelinating a neurone?

A

1-3 mm

48
Q

Which types of neuron are generally myelinated and why?

A

sensory and motor

because they are longer and need saltatory conduction

49
Q

Is the inside or outside of the cell more negative and why?

A

inside is more negative
3 Na+ leave
K+ leak channels mean K+ leave
there are proteins inside the cytoplasm that are negatively charged

50
Q

Potential of neuron when depolarised

A

+40mV

51
Q

Why does the refractory period happen?

A
  • Na+ are closed so no way to make a generator potential

- Na+ and K+ are in the wrong places and the Na/K pump must fix this

52
Q

What do cholinergic synapses use as the neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

53
Q

Why is there a lot of smooth ER in pre-synaptic bulb?

A

Packaging neurotransmitters into vesicles

54
Q

Describe the acetylcholine receptor

A
  • it is an sodium ion channel
  • five units
  • has 2 acetylcholine receptor sites
55
Q

Describe transmission across a synapse

A
  • action potential at presynaptic bulb
  • voltage gated calcium channels open
  • vesicles move and fuse with presynaptic membrane
  • acetylcholine diffuses across cleft
  • binds to receptor channel and sodium channel open
56
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase actually do?

A

hydrolyse acetylcholine into ethanoic acid and choline which reenter the presynaptic bulb and are recombined using ATP

57
Q

How do IPSPs work?

A

different neurotransmitter causes Cl- channels to open and K+ channels to open
-Cl- diffuses in
-K+ diffuses out
result in hyperpolarisation

Biology A2 Rafa (14 decks)

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